Table 5.

Phenolic compounds in orange by-product dried at three different temperatures and air flows expressed as µg/g d.w. with the average ± standard deviation.

	40 °C			60 °C			80 °C
	No Air Flow	Air Flow 0.8 m/s	Air Flow 1.6 m/s	No Air Flow	Air Flow 0.8 m/s	Air Flow 1.6 m/s	No Air Flow	Air Flow 0.8 m/s	Air Flow 1.6 m/s
Total phenolic compounds	5456.16 ± 26.04	5527.02 ± 25.73	5682.05 ± 24.84	5629.07 ± 20.61	5685.66 ± 25.27	6051.14 ± 29.42	4819.98 ± 21.81	5009.58 ± 28.24	5209.04 ± 20.51
Total phenolic acids	4455.51 ± 12.66	4468.87 ± 12.06	4614.93 ± 10.75	4606.92 ± 7.04	4644.09 ± 11.63	4941.70 ± 15.87	3864.45 ± 8.63	4032.31 ± 15.04	4186.94 ± 7.57
Feruloyl galactaric acid isomer a	2404.84 ± 1.36	2509.04 ± 3.68	2683.77 ± 6.18	2674.52 ± 0.65	2740.43 ± 1.55	2664.82 ± 2.67	2296.02 ± 2.61	2180.15 ± 4.10	2376.07 ± 1.39
Feruloyl galactaric acid isomer b	1017.20 ± 3.48	1062.22 ± 1.59	1112.53 ± 1.78	1096.90 ± 1.10	994.47 ± 4.83	1158.10 ± 5.79	907.51 ± 1.77	923.03 ± 0.55	943.40 ± 0.96
Sinapinic acid-O-glucuronide	632.81 ± 4.69	660.80 ± 0.99	609.71 ± 1.81	583.90 ± 1.82	664.99 ± 3.82	739.48 ± 2.63	373.37 ± 2.59	586.58 ± 7.54	533.36 ± 2.51
Feruloyl isocitric acid isomer a	148.99 ± 1.64	107.74 ± 1.46	93.88 ± 0.49	122.21 ± 2.00	110.17 ± 0.57	150.14 ± 1.41	82.42 ± 1.20	101.45 ± 0.67	114.19 ± 0.60
Feruloyl isocitric acid isomer b	67.76 ± 0.75	28.36 ± 1.39	24.14 ± 0.15	21.07 ± 0.22	31.18 ± 0.48	51.66 ± 0.72	50.10 ± 0.03	66.44 ± 0.58	51.94 ± 0.68
Feruloyl isocitric acid isomer c	147.59 ± 0.70	77.32 ± 2.48	69.85 ± 0.26	85.65 ± 1.12	78.88 ± 0.32	142.24 ± 2.24	118.75 ± 0.42	151.24 ± 1.15	132.76 ± 0.87
Caffeoylmalic acid	36.32 ± 0.05	23.40 ± 0.46	21.04 ± 0.08	22.66 ± 0.11	23.97 ± 0.06	35.25 ± 0.40	36.27 ± 0.02	23.41 ± 0.45	35.22 ± 0.56
Total flavonoids	1000.65 ± 13.38	1058.15 ± 13.67	1067.12 ± 14.09	1022.15 ± 13.57	1041.57 ± 13.64	1109.43 ± 13.55	955.53 ± 12.95	977.27 ± 13.20	1022.09 ± 13.19
Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside isomer a	18.55 ± 0.52	17.67 ± 0.50	16.35 ± 0.46	18.10 ± 0.50	18.15 ± 0.49	19.61 ± 0.53	15.96 ± 0.44	16.86 ± 0.48	16.22 ± 0.46
Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside isomer b	3.88 ± 0.14	4.10 ± 0.15	3.87 ± 0.14	4.21 ± 0.15	4.02 ± 0.15	4.09 ± 0.14	3.29 ± 0.13	3.38 ± 0.13	4.02 ± 0.14
Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside isomer c	4.39 ± 0.16	3.15 ± 0.12	4.33 ± 0.16	4.79 ± 0.17	4.19 ± 0.15	3.66 ± 0.13	4.07 ± 0.15	4.33 ± 0.16	5.47 ± 0.18
Prunin	18.71 ± 0.55	24.36 ± 0.68	23.75 ± 0.69	22.82 ± 0.66	11.75 ± 0.36	24.17 ± 0.64	18.81 ± 0.55	20.58 ± 0.60	18.79 ± 0.52
Didymin	9.87 ± 0.31	10.32 ± 0.31	10.21 ± 0.32	9.15 ± 0.29	11.82 ± 0.36	10.45 ± 0.30	9.60 ± 0.30	10.87 ± 0.33	9.74 ± 0.29
Pectolinarigenin	644.28 ± 4.60	675.57 ± 4.66	687.33 ± 4.88	667.32 ± 4.76	678.64 ± 4.86	715.95 ± 4.66	604.36 ± 4.35	615.58 ± 4.43	639.10 ± 4.34
Hesperidin	56.65 ± 1.07	58.25 ± 1.06	68.40 ± 1.26	66.58 ± 1.23	71.55 ± 1.32	71.99 ± 1.22	57.38 ± 1.08	57.23 ± 1.08	56.01 ± 1.01
Narirutin	40.17 ± 0.80	47.79 ± 0.90	49.02 ± 0.94	42.80 ± 0.85	47.16 ± 0.92	47.19 ± 0.85	46.93 ± 0.91	45.01 ± 0.88	45.21 ± 0.84
Naringenin	2.59 ± 0.11	0.96 ± 0.06	0.32 ± 0.05	1.99 ± 0.09	0.54 ± 0.05	3.48 ± 0.13	0.67 ± 0.06	0.61 ± 0.05	2.44 ± 0.10
Naringin hydrate	10.41 ± 0.32	13.54 ± 0.39	12.23 ± 0.37	11.43 ± 0.35	12.71 ± 0.39	13.98 ± 0.39	11.71 ± 0.36	11.05 ± 0.34	12.86 ± 0.37
Rutin isomer a	15.18 ± 0.45	16.22 ± 0.47	14.83 ± 0.44	15.04 ± 0.45	14.92 ± 0.45	15.41 ± 0.42	13.95 ± 0.42	15.86 ± 0.47	15.67 ± 0.44
Rutin isomer b	11.97 ± 0.36	10.53 ± 0.32	10.72 ± 0.33	10.91 ± 0.34	8.19 ± 0.26	8.32 ± 0.25	9.80 ± 0.31	11.18 ± 0.34	11.96 ± 0.35
3’,4’-Didemethylnobiletin	2.76 ± 0.12	2.20 ± 0.10	1.85 ± 0.09	0.80 ± 0.06	0.10 ± 0.04	2.79 ± 0.11	1.24 ± 0.07	0.48 ± 0.05	0.61 ± 0.05
Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside-7-O-Glucoside	1.95 ± 0.09	2.29 ± 0.10	2.45 ± 0.10	2.34 ± 0.10	2.84 ± 0.12	2.41 ± 0.10	2.59 ± 0.11	2.42 ± 0.10	2.32 ± 0.10
Apigenin 6-C-glucoside 8-C-arabinoside/Vitexin-O-pentoside isomer a	10.46 ± 0.32	10.80 ± 0.32	11.63 ± 0.36	9.88 ± 0.31	11.11 ± 0.34	12.23 ± 0.34	10.12 ± 0.31	9.94 ± 0.31	11.63 ± 0.34
Apigenin 6-C-glucoside 8-C-arabinoside/Vitexin-O-pentoside isomer b	13.04 ± 0.39	12.60 ± 0.37	13.08 ± 0.39	11.77 ± 0.36	12.62 ± 0.38	14.47 ± 0.40	12.28 ± 0.37	11.46 ± 0.35	14.33 ± 0.41
Apigenin-di-C-hexoside (Vicenin-2)	63.75 ± 1.18	70.19 ± 1.25	71.60 ± 1.31	66.79 ± 1.24	69.71 ± 1.29	78.36 ± 1.31	60.91 ± 1.14	65.73 ± 1.22	71.78 ± 1.25
Apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside	4.54 ± 0.16	5.97 ± 0.20	5.27 ± 0.18	3.75 ± 0.14	5.28 ± 0.18	4.96 ± 0.16	4.77 ± 0.17	5.42 ± 0.19	6.24 ± 0.20
Kaempferol 3-apiosyl-(1->2)-galactoside/Luteolin-C-hexoside-C-pentoside isomer a	3.02 ± 0.12	3.86 ± 0.14	2.45 ± 0.11	3.04 ± 0.12	2.32 ± 0.10	3.30 ± 0.12	2.59 ± 0.11	2.38 ± 0.10	2.74 ± 0.11
Kaempferol 3-apiosyl-(1->2)-galactoside/Luteolin-C-hexoside-C-pentoside isomer b	<LOQ	<LOQ	2.58 ± 0.11	4.52 ± 0.16	1.94 ± 0.09	4.57 ± 0.15	1.53 ± 0.08	1.29 ± 0.07	0.03 ± 0.04
Kaempferol 3-[2″-glucosyl-6″-acetyl-galactoside] 7-glucoside isomer a	5.09 ± 0.18	3.69 ± 0.14	4.55 ± 0.16	3.31 ± 0.13	2.42 ± 0.10	3.30 ± 0.12	3.93 ± 0.15	2.34 ± 0.10	5.02 ± 0.17
Kaempferol 3-[2″-glucosyl-6″-acetyl-galactoside] 7-glucoside isomer b	5.17 ± 0.18	4.39 ± 0.15	2.90 ± 0.12	4.42 ± 0.16	3.39 ± 0.13	4.82 ± 0.16	4.84 ± 0.17	3.27 ± 0.13	5.60 ± 0.18
Kaempferol-dihexosyl acetate	50.66 ± 0.97	58.54 ± 1.07	43.42 ± 0.85	31.70 ± 0.66	43.49 ± 0.86	34.87 ± 0.66	51.92 ± 0.99	58.51 ± 1.10	61.64 ± 1.09
kaempferol 3-O-[3″,6″-di-O-(E)-cinnamoyl]-beta-D-glucopyranoside	<LOQ	<LOQ	0.99 ± 0.07	1.51 ± 0.08	0.78 ± 0.06	1.24 ± 0.07	0.06 ± 0.04	0.36 ± 0.05	<LOQ
Kaempferol 3-O-(6″-O-acetyl)glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside	0.63 ± 0.06	<LOQ	0.17 ± 0.04	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	0.11 ± 0.04
Kaempferol 3-O-sinapoyl-caffeoyl-sophoroside 7-O-glucoside isomer a	1.84 ± 0.09	1.30 ± 0.07	1.11 ± 0.07	1.26 ± 0.07	1.20 ± 0.07	1.99 ± 0.09	0.97 ± 0.06	0.78 ± 0.06	0.76 ± 0.06
Kaempferol 3-O-sinapoyl-caffeoyl-sophoroside 7-O-glucoside isomer b	0.78 ± 0.06	0.46 ± 0.05	0.73 ± 0.06	0.56 ± 0.05	0.15 ± 0.04	0.89 ± 0.06	0.33 ± 0.05	<LOQ	0.67 ± 0.06
Kaempferol 3-apiosyl-(1->4)-rhamnoside-7-rhamnoside	1.11 ± 0.07	0.84 ± 0.06	0.98 ± 0.06	1.37 ± 0.08	0.55 ± 0.05	0.94 ± 0.06	0.93 ± 0.06	0.36 ± 0.05	1.13 ± 0.07