| (1) | (2) | (3) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Housing cost burden (ref. = <30%) | |||
| 30−49.9% | 0.565*** (−44.72) |
0.754*** (−18.65) |
0.782*** (−16.21) |
| 50% or more | 0.404*** (−35.01) |
0.602*** (−18.69) |
0.639*** (−16.43) |
| Tenure (ref.= own without mortgage) | |||
| Own with mortgage | 1.004 (0.29) |
1.032* (2.17) |
|
| Rent market rate | 0.774*** (−16.50) |
0.834*** (−11.66) |
|
| Rent below market | 0.667*** (−14.78) |
0.789*** (−8.67) |
|
| Housed for free | 0.811*** (−8.71) |
0.852*** (−6.59) |
|
| Female (ref.=male) | 1.037*** (3.42) |
1.080*** (7.24) |
|
| Age | 0.941*** (−26.63) |
0.950*** (−22.43) |
|
| Age square | 1.001*** (29.19) |
1.001*** (29.79) |
|
| Marital status (ref. = never married) | |||
| Married or in civil union | 1.704*** (31.61) |
1.677*** (30.51) |
|
| Divorced, separated, widowed | 0.942*** (−3.52) |
0.960* (−2.42) |
|
| Education (ref. = Primary) | |||
| Secondary | 1.732*** (34.72) |
1.386*** (20.34) |
|
| Post-secondary | 2.282*** (48.21) |
1.650*** (28.80) |
|
| Household Size | 0.956*** (−8.33) |
0.952*** (−9.00) |
|
| Urbanization degree (ref. = high density) | |||
| Intermediate density | 1.031* (2.52) |
1.036** (2.93) |
|
| Low density | 1.059*** (4.29) |
1.087*** (6.24) |
|
| Employment (ref=not employed) | 1.557*** (32.16) |
1.252*** (16.18) |
|
| Health (ref.=very good) | |||
| Good | 0.470*** (−55.92) |
||
| Fair | 0.207*** (−96.17) |
||
| Bad | 0.0804*** (−110.48) |
||
| Very Bad | 0.0310*** (−84.95) |
||
| Country (ref.= Austria) | |||
| Belgium | 0.622*** (−14.58) |
0.537*** (−17.06) |
0.550*** (−16.41) |
| Switzerland | 1.133*** (3.79) |
0.984 (−0.47) |
0.895** (−3.21) |
| Germany | 0.573*** (−19.51) |
0.566*** (−18.74) |
0.646*** (−14.44) |
| Denmark | 1.130*** (3.50) |
1.007 (0.20) |
1.053 (1.43) |
| Greece | 0.225*** (−55.98) |
0.242*** (−49.53) |
0.200*** (−55.92) |
| Spain | 0.487*** (−25.44) |
0.520*** (−21.64) |
0.512*** (−22.19) |
| France | 0.401*** (−30.93) |
0.392*** (−30.33) |
0.426*** (−27.63) |
| Ireland | 1.103** (2.63) |
1.191*** (4.56) |
0.941 (−1.58) |
| Italy | 0.323*** (−41.79) |
0.368*** (−35.03) |
0.361*** (−35.68) |
| Netherlands | 0.691*** (−13.02) |
0.669*** (−13.12) |
0.652*** (−14.02) |
| Portugal | 0.235*** (−48.54) |
0.307*** (−37.47) |
0.397*** (−29.31) |
| Sweden | 0.938 (−1.88) |
0.824*** (−5.47) |
0.784*** (−6.92) |
| United Kingdom | 0.785*** (−8.34) |
0.694*** (−12.01) |
0.710*** (−11.31) |
| cut1 | 0.00381*** (−158.68) |
0.00259*** (−82.08) |
0.000940*** (−94.93) |
| cut2 | 0.00581*** (−161.77) |
0.00395*** (−77.96) |
0.00145*** (−91.00) |
| cut3 | 0.0104*** (−158.80) |
0.00707*** (−71.09) |
0.00266*** (−84.19) |
| cut4 | 0.0185*** (−148.40) |
0.0127*** (−63.40) |
0.00494*** (−76.32) |
| cut5 | 0.0316*** (−133.76) |
0.0220*** (−55.77) |
0.00890*** (−68.37) |
| cut6 | 0.0829*** (−100.55) |
0.0596*** (−41.48) |
0.0262*** (−53.14) |
| cut7 | 0.159*** (−75.52) |
0.118*** (−31.55) |
0.0551*** (−42.44) |
| cut8 | 0.393*** (−38.85) |
0.303*** (−17.64) |
0.154*** (−27.45) |
| cut9 | 1.548*** (18.28) |
1.246** (3.25) |
0.707*** (−5.11) |
| cut10 | 4.088*** (57.51) |
3.328*** (17.73) |
1.985*** (10.07) |
| N | 155,815 | 155,815 | 155,815 |
| Country Fixed Effect | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Exponentiated coefficients; t statistics in parentheses;
*
p<0.05,
**
p<0.01,
***
p<0.001
Note: this is the specification used for the results reported in Table 3.