Table 1:
Nanoscale glycolipid-peptide antigen vaccines
| Nanovector | Adjuvant | Antigen | Target molecule and NKT cell response | Cellular/humoral immune response and disease outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PLGA nanoparticle | α-GalCer | OVA |
DEC205 to target splenic and lymph node resident CD8α+ DCs Activated NKT cells in vivo with less anergy upon restimulation |
Increased effector and memory CD8+ T cell response Increased OVA-specific IgG titre Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination delayed B16.OVA tumour growth |
[46] |
| PLGA nanoparticle | α-GalCer | OVA | Induced IL-2 production by hybridoma NKT cell line in vitro | Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination delayed B16.OVA tumour growth | [95] |
| PLGA nanoparticle | IMM60 | NY-ESO-1 | Induced IL-2 production by hybridoma NKT cell line in vitro | Increased antigen-specific T cell responses and antibody levels | [96] |
| PLGA nanoparticle | IMM60 | OVA |
I.V. administration activated Th1 type NKT cells I.N. or S.C. administration activated Th17 NKT cells |
Therapeutic vaccination delayed B16.OVA and HPV-expressing TC-1 tumour growth | [97] |
| PLGA nanoparticle | α-GalCer, MPLA & CpG ODN | Melan-A and gp100 | Increased percentage of NKT cells in the tumour | Therapeutic vaccination delayed B16.F10 tumour growth | [98] |
| PLGA nanoparticle | α-GalCer | Melan A | Activated and expanded human NKT cells in HIS-CD8/NKT mice | Increased frequency of Melan A+ CD8+ T cells | [99] |
| Gold nanoparticle | α-GalCer | MUC1 | Splenocytes released more IFN-γ and IL-4, most likely from activated NKT cells |
Increased MUC1-specific cytotoxicity Therapeutic vaccination delayed B16.MUC1 tumour growth |
[100] |
| LNPs | α-GalCer | Ova mRNA | Increased frequency of NKT cells in spleen and liver |
7× more OVA-specific cytotoxic T cells in tumour Rejected 40% of EG7-OVA tumour in therapeutic setting Synergized with CPI |
[101] |
| LNPs | α-GalCer | TRP2 mRNA | Activated NKT cells |
Increased frequency of TRP2+ CD8+ T cells in periphery and tumour Therapeutic vaccination delayed B16.F10 tumour growth |
[102] |
| Liposomes | α-GalCer | gp100 |
Lewis-Y to target DCs and Langerhans cells Increased NKT cell activation in vitro |
Activated gp100+ CD8+ T cells in vitro | [103] |
| Liposomes | α-GalCer | OVA |
GM3 to target CD169+ macrophages Activated NKT cells |
Increased frequency of OVA+ CD8+ T cells and production of IFN-γ by CD8+ T cells | [104] |
| Liposomes | α-GalCer | Tn antigen | Increased IgG antibody responses | [105] | |
| Liposomes | α-GalCer | MUC-1 | Increased IgG antibody responses | [106] | |
| Cationic liposomes | α-GalCer | TRP2 | Activated NKT cells in vitro | Prophylactic vaccination delayed B16.F10luc2 tumour growth | [107] |
| VLPs | α-GalCer | gp33 | Activated splenic NKT cells to produce IFN-γ and IL-4. |
Increased frequency of gp33+ T cells Prophylactic vaccination delayed B16.gp33 tumour growth |
[108] |
| Nanoemulsion | α-GalCer |
OVA HPV.E7 |
Clec9a-targeted Activated NKT cells |
Enhanced antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response Therapeutic vaccination delayed TC-1 tumour growth |
[109] |
| Filamentous bacteriophage fd | α-GalCer | OVA | Activated NKT cells |
Increased OVA+ CD8+ T cells Therapeutic vaccination delayed B16.OVA tumour growth |
[110] |