Table 2.
(a) Direct effects of diagnosis on the R4Alz-R tasks’ and subtasks’ performance according to Mediation Analysis, between the groups of SCD and HC (* p < 0.004). (b) Indirect effects of diagnosis—via age and education—on the R4Alz-R tasks’ and subtasks’ performance according to Mediation Analysis, between the groups of HC and SCD (* p < 0.004).
| (a) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct Effects | 95% Confidence Interval | |||||||||
| b | SE | z-Value | p | Lower | Upper | |||||
| diagnosis | → | WMCUT S 1 | 0.039 | 0.299 | 0.131 | 0.896 | −0.545 | 0.771 | ||
| diagnosis | → | WMCUT S 2 | −0.682 | 0.286 | −2.383 | 0.017 | −1.310 | −0.028 | ||
| diagnosis | → | WMCUT S 3 | −1.999 | 0.665 | −3.005 | 0.003 * | −3.025 | −1.123 | ||
| diagnosis | → | ACT | 4.242 | 1.726 | 2.459 | 0.014 | 1.333 | 7.329 | ||
| diagnosis | → | ICT−RST 1 & 2 | 7.270 | 2.197 | 3.309 | <0.001 * | 3.626 | 10.540 | ||
| diagnosis | → | ICT−RST 1 & 2 SE | 0.437 | 0.200 | 2.178 | 0.029 | 0.057 | 0.772 | ||
| diagnosis | → | ICT−RST 1 & 2 FS | 1.188 | 0.398 | 2.983 | 0.003 * | 0.390 | 1.851 | ||
| diagnosis | → | CFT | 3.735 | 0.849 | 4.398 | <0.001 * | 1.761 | 5.522 | ||
| diagnosis | → | CFT Con. a | 0.371 | 0.516 | 0.718 | 0.473 | −0.591 | 1.094 | ||
| diagnosis | → | CFT Con. b | 1.758 | 0.559 | 3.145 | 0.002 * | 0.610 | 2.876 | ||
| diagnosis | → | CFT Con. c | 1.262 | 0.644 | 1.961 | 0.050 | −0.176 | 2.681 | ||
| diagnosis | → | VFT | −1.653 | 0.624 | −2.649 | 0.008 | −3.052 | −0.551 | ||
| diagnosis | → | EMT−W Con. a | 0.838 | 0.800 | 1.048 | 0.294 | −0.868 | 2.509 | ||
| diagnosis | → | EMT−W Con. b | 1.203 | 0.598 | 2.014 | 0.044 | −0.114 | 2.557 | ||
| (b) | ||||||||||
| Indirect Effects | 95% Confidence Interval | |||||||||
| b | SE | z-Value | p | Lower | Upper | |||||
| diagnosis | → | Age | → | WMCUT S 1 | −0.402 | 0.177 | −2.269 | 0.023 | −0.869 | −0.177 |
| diagnosis | → | Education | → | WMCUT S 1 | −0.053 | 0.107 | −0.498 | 0.619 | −0.369 | 0.083 |
| diagnosis | → | Age | → | WMCUT S 2 | −0.297 | 0.147 | −2.028 | 0.043 | −0.641 | −0.095 |
| diagnosis | → | Education | → | WMCUT S 2 | −0.172 | 0.118 | −1.459 | 0.144 | −0.588 | −0.007 |
| diagnosis | → | Age | → | WMCUT S 3 | −0.268 | 0.258 | −1.037 | 0.300 | −0.880 | 0.034 |
| diagnosis | → | Education | → | WMCUT S 3 | −0.028 | 0.234 | −0.121 | 0.904 | −0.650 | 0.439 |
| diagnosis | → | Age | → | ACT | 1.240 | 0.759 | 1.633 | 0.102 | −0.035 | 3.383 |
| diagnosis | → | Education | → | ACT | 0.274 | 0.614 | 0.447 | 0.655 | −1.108 | 1.627 |
| diagnosis | → | Age | → | ICT−RST 1 & 2 | 0.906 | 0.855 | 1.060 | 0.289 | −0.427 | 4.029 |
| diagnosis | → | Education | → | ICT−RST 1 & 2 | 1.816 | 1.011 | 1.797 | 0.072 | 0.330 | 4.619 |
| diagnosis | → | Age | → | ICT−RST 1 & 2 SE | 0.022 | 0.073 | 0.298 | 0.766 | −0.139 | 0.248 |
| diagnosis | → | Education | → | ICT−RST 1 & 2 SE | 0.200 | 0.101 | 1.990 | 0.047 | 0.047 | 0.489 |
| diagnosis | → | Age | → | ICT−RST 1 & 2 FS | 0.125 | 0.150 | 0.828 | 0.408 | −0.137 | 0.585 |
| diagnosis | → | Education | → | ICT−RST 1 & 2 FS | 0.275 | 0.171 | 1.607 | 0.108 | 0.066 | 0.705 |
| diagnosis | → | Age | → | CFT | 0.583 | 0.368 | 1.582 | 0.114 | −0.067 | 1.718 |
| diagnosis | → | Education | → | CFT | 0.268 | 0.313 | 0.855 | 0.393 | −0.129 | 1.244 |
| diagnosis | → | Age | → | CFT2 Con. a | 0.106 | 0.190 | 0.555 | 0.579 | −0.227 | 0.537 |
| diagnosis | → | Education | → | CFT2 Con. a | 0.341 | 0.219 | 1.558 | 0.119 | 0.008 | 1.069 |
| diagnosis | → | Age | → | CFT2 Con. b | 0.128 | 0.207 | 0.621 | 0.535 | −0.226 | 0.530 |
| diagnosis | → | Education | → | CFT2 Con. b | 0.364 | 0.236 | 1.543 | 0.123 | 0.021 | 1.044 |
| diagnosis | → | Age | → | CFT2 Con. c | 0.418 | 0.275 | 1.523 | 0.128 | −0.031 | 1.228 |
| diagnosis | → | Education | → | CFT2 Con. c | 0.418 | 0.271 | 1.539 | 0.124 | 0.035 | 1.115 |
| diagnosis | → | Age | → | VFT | −0.573 | 0.302 | −1.901 | 0.057 | −1.376 | −0.051 |
| diagnosis | → | Education | → | VFT | −0.240 | 0.235 | −1.018 | 0.309 | −1.088 | 0.126 |
| diagnosis | → | Age | → | EMT−W Con. a | 0.228 | 0.300 | 0.760 | 0.447 | −0.203 | 0.931 |
| diagnosis | → | Education | → | EMT−W Con. a | 0.186 | 0.289 | 0.643 | 0.520 | −0.189 | 1.115 |
| diagnosis | → | Age | → | EMT−W Con. b | 0.350 | 0.248 | 1.409 | 0.159 | −0.098 | 1.012 |
| diagnosis | → | Education | → | EMT−W Con. b | 0.188 | 0.220 | 0.855 | 0.393 | −0.245 | 0.622 |
Abbreviations: WMCUT S1: Working Memory Capacity and Updating Task—working memory component of short-term store; WMCUT S2: Working Memory Capacity and Updating Task—working memory component of central executive; WMCUT S3: Working Memory Capacity and Updating Task—working memory updating & working memory component of the episodic buffer; ACT: Attentional Control Task; ICT-RST 1 & 2: Inhibitory Control & Task/Rule Switching Task Subtasks 1 (Inhibition) and 2 (Task/Rule switching); ICT-RCT SE: Total number of errors of Inhibitory Control & Task/Rule Switching Task; ICT-RST FS: Failed sets on the Inhibitory Control & Task/Rule Switching Task; CFT: Cognitive Flexibility Task; CFT Con. a: Cognitive Flexibility Task—1st level of difficulty; CFT Con. b: Cognitive Flexibility Task—2nd level of difficulty; CFT Condition c: Cognitive Flexibility Task—3rd level of difficulty; VFT: Visual Fluency Task (Planning, Inhibitory Control, and Visual Fluency); EMT-W Con. a; Episodic Memory Task—Windows (1st level of difficulty); EMT-W Con. b; Episodic Memory Task—Windows (2nd level of difficulty).