Table 2.
Summary of the main characteristics of the studies and nursing home residents included in this study.
| Author (Year)/ Country |
Residents n (% Women) |
NH (n) |
Data Collection Method (Period of Study) |
Study Design |
Inclusion Criteria |
Age Average (SD/Range) |
Average No. of Drugs | Diagnosis n (%) |
Quality Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carvalho et al. (2019)/ Portugal [54] |
208 (68.75%) |
4 | Electronic records (NS) | Descriptive study cross-sectional |
>65 y | 87 (10) | 8 (5) | NS | High |
| Stojanovic et al. (2020)/ Serbia [58] |
400 (69%) |
1 | Review of medical records at the patient’s first visit (January-June 2018) |
Retrospective observational study |
>65 y At least 1 chronic prescription drug |
83 (11) | 8 (5) | Arterial hypertension: 358 (89.5) Angina pectoris: 181 (45.2) Dementia: 151 (37.7) Depression: 135 (33.7) Psychosis: 133 (33.2) Sleep disorders: 124 (31) Heart failure: 105 (26.2) COPD: 68 (17) Infarction: 631 (15.7) Anxiety: 57 (14.2) Osteoporosis: 45 (11.2) |
High |
| Anrys et al. (2018)/ Belgium [56] |
1410 (72%) |
54 | Data extracted from the COME-ON multicenter study (April 2015-June 2016) |
Cross-sectional descriptive study |
≥65 y Patients not in palliative care |
87 (82–91) | 9 (6–12) | NS | High |
| Liew et al. (2019)/ Malaysia [62] |
155 (44.5%) |
4 | Data collected manually by patient interview (November–December 2016) |
Cross-sectional multicenter study | ≥60 y At least 1 prescribed drug Exclusion: residents unable to sign informed consent form |
75 (8.49) |
Total drugs: 3.52 (3.07) Chronic drugs: 2.69 (2.49) |
Cardiovascular disease: 102 (65.8) Endocrine disease: 56 (36.1) Respiratory disease: 17 (11) Gastrointestinal disease: 15 (9.7) |
High |
| Gaubert et al. (2019)/ France [59] |
52 (83%) |
1 | Electronic records (January–March 2015) |
Prospective observational study | All residents of the socio-health center | 84 (9) | 8.5 (3.5) | Depression: 37 (71) Dementia: 33 (63) Chronic constipation: 33 (63) Hypertension: 29 (56) Osteoporosis: 18 (35) Osteoarthritis: 12 (23) |
High |
| Díaz et al. (2021)/ Spain [50] |
2251 (69%) |
13 | Electronic records (2016–2018) |
Retrospective observational descriptive study |
All residents of the socio-health center | 79.5 (78.3–80.4) |
Total drugs: 6.30 (6.0–6.4) Chronic drugs: 4.5 (4.4–4.7) |
Alzheimer’s disease: NS Gastroesophageal reflux: NS Severe anxiety: NS Cerebral vascular disease: NS COPD: NS Chronic atrial fibrillation: NS |
High |
| Nieves-Pérez et al. (2018)/ Puerto Rico [60] |
104 (72%) |
3 | Electronic records (NS) |
Cross-sectional descriptive study |
≥65 y At least 1 prescribed drug 1 or more chronic diseases and data in the electronic medical record |
84 (7.67) | 8.6 (3.41) | NS | Moderate |
| Monteiro et al. (2020)/ Portugal [55] |
90 (78.9%) |
1 | Electronic records (NS) |
Cross-sectional descriptive study |
≥65 y | 84 (65–103) | 7.6 (NS) <5 drugs: 26 rs 5–9 drugs: 30 rs ≥10 drugs: 33 rs |
Diseases of the cardiovascular system: 72 (80) Endocrine and metabolic system diseases: 46 (51) Mental disease: 43 (47.8) Diseases of the musculoskeletal system: 32 (35.5) |
Moderate |
| Gutiérrez-Valencia et al. (2018)/ Spain [51] |
110 (71.8%) |
2 | Data obtained from electronic records, subsequently anonymized, encoded and stored for further analysis (NS) |
Cross-sectional cohort study | ≥65 y | 86.3 (7.3) | NS 5–9 drugs: 81 rs <5 drugs: 29 rs |
NS | Moderate |
| García-Caballero et al. (2018)/ Spain [52] |
115 (61.74%) |
1 | Data collected manually and subsequently entered into an Excel created to detect PIP (NS) |
Feasibility study | All residents of the socio-health center | 79 (11.44; 46–102) |
6.77 (2.92) | NS | Moderate |
| Perulero et al. (2016)/ Spain [53] |
332 (NS) |
2 | Individualized information was collected for each patient (March–May 2015) |
Prospective observational study | ≥65 y | 83.9 (7.6) | 8.7 (4) ≥10 drugs: 39.5% rs |
NS | Moderate |
| Strauven et al. (2019)/Belgium [57] | 1507 Intervention group: 791 (69.9%) Control group: 716 (73.4%) |
54 | Data from a web site created for data collection and filled in by the study investigators (Intervention period: May 2015 to June 2016) |
Randomized blinded study (multicenter). | ≥65 y Patients without palliative care |
Intervention group: 87 (82–91) Control group: 87 (83–91) |
Intervention group: 9 (6–12) Control group: 9 (6–11) |
Intervention group: Hypertension (56) Dementia (59.2) Osteoarthritis (63.3) Control group: Hypertension (56.1) Dementia (54.2) Osteoarthritis (66.2) |
Moderate |
| Eshetie et al. (2020)/ Australia [61] |
181 (54.7%) |
NS | Manually collected data (June–July 2017) |
Prospective multicenter observational study | ≥ 75 y ≥5 drugs prescribed prior to admission to the hospital |
With dementia: 88.4 (83–92) Without dementia: 87 (82–91) |
ADMISSION: With dementia Total drugs: 9.5 (3.5) Chronic drugs: 8.8 (3.2) Without Dementia Total drugs: 11 (3.4) Chronic Drugs: 10 (3.2) |
ADMISSION: Pneumonia/lower respiratory tract infection: 45 (24.9) Falls: 25 (13.8) Cardiovascular problems: 21 (11.6) |
Moderate |
Abbreviations: COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NH: nursing homes; NS: not specified; PIPs: potentially inappropriate prescriptions; rs: residents; SD: standard deviation; y: years.