Table A3.
Summary of quantitative outcomes.
| Author (Year) | Measurement | Outcome |
|---|---|---|
| Camic et al., 2013 [51] | PwD: Dem-QoL-4; Dem-QoL-proxy; GDS (depression); MMSE and ACE-R (cognition); NPI (behavioral and psychological problems); BADLS (activities of daily living) Carer: WHO-QoL BREF; DASS (mood) |
No significant differences Dem-QoL-4 and Dem-QoL-proxy between pre-post scores of PwD; no significant differences in QoL in carer’s pre-post-follow-up scores; significant increase of GDS in post-scores *; no significant MMSE, NPI and BADALS |
| Calò et al., 2019 [58] | GCI (good childhood index); ONS (life satisfaction) | No significant differences ONS |
| Clift & Morrison, 2011 [31] | CORE-OM | Significant reduction of CORE-OM well-being subscale over eight months **; significant reduction in CORE-OM total scores *** including subscales of problems **, functioning **, and risk |
| Clift et al., 2017 [32] | WEMWBS; CORE-10 (feelings and behaviors related to mental distress) | Significant increase in WEMWBS * scores at baseline and follow up; significant reduction in CORE-10 ** scores at baseline and follow up |
| Corvo et al., 2020 [69] | York SF-12 (health-related quality of life and wellbeing); EQ-5D (health utility) | No significant changes over three months in total York SF-12 scores; no significant at baseline and follow up in EQ-5D |
| Davidson & Fedele, 2011 [55] | PwD: QoL-AD; HDS Carer: QoL-AD; Ratings on mood, energy, concentration, and stress level |
No significant increase between overall QoL-AD; no significant differences on pre-post HDS average scores |
| Davidson et al., 2014 [59] |
UCLA loneliness scale (loneliness or social isolation); GDS (depression); SF-36 (physical and mental health) | No significant differences between the two group on the UCLA or GDS, no statistically significant difference on pre-post SF-36 |
| Fancourt et al., 2019a [41] | HADS (anxiety and depression); WEMWBS; GSE (self-efficacy); RSS (self-esteem) | Significant decrease of depression in CG in the first 6 week * and constancy across 24 week *; significant difference of well-being on WEMWBS scores in the first 6 weeks * and still present week 24 *; significant increase GSE scores in CG apparent by week 24 *; significant difference RSS apparent by week 24 * |
| Fancourt et al., 2019b [42] | HADS (anxiety and depression); WEMWBS | Significantly greater decrease ** in anxiety over time than participants in the control group, significantly greater increase in well-being **, no changes found for depression. |
| Galinha et al., 2021 [26]; Galinha et al., 2022 [27] | 2021: DASS (depression, anxiety and stress); WHOQOL-BREF (World Health Organization Quality of Life: Brief9 Version); SWLS (life satisfaction); PANAS (positive and negative affect); unipedal stance test (body balance); C-(reactive protein serum biomarkers); MoCA (cognitive function) 2022: SWLS (life satisfaction); ScWB (social well-being); WHOQOL-BREF (social relationship subscale); UCLA loneliness scale (loneliness); measure of social identification; RSS (self-esteem) |
2021: significant groupXtime interaction for perceived physical health levels *, no significant groupXtime interaction for anxiety, stress, and depression; significant groupXtime effect on anxiety * and depression * when controlling the cognitive status (MoCA); No significant changes in follow-up (6 m) 2022: no significant group, time, groupXtime effects on SWLS; significant group and time effect on positive affect sustained in 6 m follow-up *; no significant group, time, groupXtime effects on negative affect; direct effect participation on social identification with singing group ***; indirect effect of social identification with social care institution (SII) ** and loneliness * indicating higher SII and lower loneliness in singing group |
| Gudmundsdottir & Gudmundsdottir, 2010 [45] | SWEMWBS; ‘Singing Confidence’ questionnaire | No significant differences in subjective well-being between the two groups; no significant differences ‘Singing Confidence’ questionnaire indicated between the two groups |
| Hallam & Creech, 2016 [72] | CASP-12; BPNS (psychological needs) | Significant differences regarding scores on the autonomy/control ** and social affirmation * between in music and non-music groups consistently |
| Hampshire & Matthijsse, 2010 [34] | Questionnaire (social capital and social/ emotional well-being) |
Significant effect IG compared with CG *** |
| Hinshaw et al., 2015 [36] | SCWBS (children’s well-being); SDQ (strengths and difficulties); Identity as a singer questionnaire | No significant increase to psychological well-being at baseline and follow up; no significant changes |
| Johnson et al., 2020 [64] | Positive Affect and Apathy items from NIH toolbox (distress and well-being); PHQ-8 (psychosocial); TMT (cognitive); NIH Toolbox Standing Balance measure (physical) | Significant group-by-time interaction in loneliness * and interest in life **; no significant differences between IG and CG on cognitive or physical outcomes |
| Macglone et al., 2020 [29] | 5-point scale to assess participants’ social development | Significant increase over all groups in joint attention **, communication **, interaction with others **; no statistically significant increase in self-expression and social awareness |
| Pearce et al., 2016 [30] | GAD7 (anxiety and depression); SWLS (flourishing and satisfaction); PHQ9 (experience symptoms associated with anxiety and depression); MOS 36-SF (physical health); IOS (connectedness with group) | No significant difference between conditions at baseline in GAD7 and SWLS; significant increase flourishing *, reduce anxiety * and improve physical health * time point at seven months; no significant difference between conditions at baseline in PHQ9, IOS and relational-bonding index |
| Smith et al., 2022 [53] | Self-report questionnaire of satisfaction and well-being | Only data on satisfaction questionnaire descriptive statistics |
| Sun & Buys, 2013 [49] | York Short Form (SF)-12 (QoL & well-being); Euro Qol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) (health utility) | Significant increase in QoL ***, reduced stress ***, and significant reduction in social isolation ** and loneliness * between IG and CG group over 12 months period |
| Tamplin et al., 2018 [54] | PwD: RAID (anxiety); AES (apathy); CMAI-SF (agitation); QoL Carer: PHQ-9 (depression); SWLS (satisfaction); FS (flourishing), PACQ (positive aspects of caregiving) |
No significant differences on measures pre-mid-post for any of the measures |
Abbreviations. ACE-R: Addenbrooke Cognitive Examination; MMSE: Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE); GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale; Dem-QoL-4: Dementia Quality of Life; NPI: Neuropsychiatric Inventory; BADLS: Bristol Activities of Daily Living Scale; PO: relationship quality; QCPR: Quality of Carer Patient Relationship scale; SO: WB outcomes for the person living with dementia; RAID: Rating Anxiety in Dementia Scale; AES: Apathy Evaluation Scale; CMAI-SF: Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory—Short Form; QoL-AD: Alzheimer’s Disease; SO: WB outcome for care givers; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire Depression; SWLS: Satisfaction with Life Scale; PACQ: Positive Aspects of Caregiving Questionnaire; CORE-OM: Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation questionnaires, CORE-10: Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation questionnaire; WEMWBS: Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale; HDS: Hierarchic Dementia Scale; GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale; SF-36: Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey Version 2; WHOQOL-BREF: World Health Organization Quality of Life: Brief Version; SWEMWBS: Short version of the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale; CASP-12; Control, Autonomy, Self-realization, and Pleasure scale SCWBS: The Stirling Children’s Well-being Scale; GAD7: 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale; PHQ9: the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire scale; MOS 36: item short-form (MOS 36-SF) of the RAND Health-related Quality of Life scale; SWLS: Flourishing and Satisfaction with life scales; IOS: Inclusion of Other in Self scale; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; WEMWBS: Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale; MoCA: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment; RSS: Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; GSE: General Self-Efficacy Scale; FS: Flourishing Scale. * p < 0.05. ** p < 0.01. *** p < 0.001