Table 1.
Participant sociodemographic characteristics (n = 231).
| Variable | Total (n = 231) | Male (n = 102) | Female (n = 129) | p-Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
| Age (Mean ± SD) | 55.75 ± 14.02 | 57.60 ± 14.09 | 53.29 ± 13.62 | 0.024 | |||
| 20–30 | 10 | 4.3 | 6 | 5.9 | 4 | 3.1 | |
| 31–40 | 26 | 11.3 | 10 | 9.8 | 16 | 12.4 | |
| 41–50 | 42 | 18.2 | 23 | 22.5 | 19 | 14.7 | |
| 51–60 | 51 | 22.0 | 24 | 23.5 | 27 | 20.9 | |
| 61–70 | 54 | 23.4 | 23 | 22.5 | 31 | 24.0 | |
| >71 | 48 | 20.8 | 16 | 15.7 | 32 | 24.8 | |
| Education | 0.451 | ||||||
| Sixth grade or below | 119 | 51.5 | 46 | 45.1 | 73 | 56.6 | |
| Junior high school | 35 | 15.2 | 14 | 13.7 | 21 | 16.3 | |
| Senior high school | 53 | 22.9 | 26 | 25.5 | 27 | 20.9 | |
| College and above | 24 | 10.4 | 16 | 15.7 | 8 | 6.2 | |
| Marital status | 0.134 | ||||||
| Unmarried | 26 | 11.3 | 20 | 19.6 | 6 | 4.7 | |
| Married | 160 | 69.3 | 69 | 67.6 | 91 | 70.5 | |
| Divorced | 33 | 14.3 | 5 | 4.9 | 28 | 21.7 | |
| Widowed | 12 | 5.2 | 8 | 7.8 | 4 | 3.1 | |
| Aboriginal group | 0.613 | ||||||
| Taroko | 52 | 22.5 | 28 | 27.5 | 24 | 18.6 | |
| Bunun | 102 | 44.2 | 44 | 43.1 | 58 | 45.0 | |
| Ami | 77 | 33.3 | 30 | 29.4 | 47 | 36.4 | |
| Employment status | 0.136 | ||||||
| Employed | 129 | 55.8 | 68 | 66.7 | 61 | 47.3 | |
| Unemployed | 60 | 26.0 | 16 | 15.7 | 44 | 34.1 | |
| Retired | 42 | 18.2 | 18 | 17.6 | 24 | 18.6 | |
| Health insurance | |||||||
| Yes | 11 | 4.8 | 8 | 7.8 | 3 | 2.3 | |
| No | 220 | 95.2 | 94 | 92.2 | 126 | 97.7 | |
| Hypertension | 0.157 | ||||||
| Yes | 88 | 38.3 | 32 | 31.4 | 56 | 43.4 | |
| No | 143 | 61.7 | 70 | 68.6 | 73 | 56.6 | |
| Diabetes | 0.632 | ||||||
| Yes | 46 | 19.9 | 18 | 17.6 | 28 | 21.7 | |
| No | 185 | 80.1 | 84 | 82.4 | 101 | 78.3 | |
| Gout | 0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 23 | 10 | 17 | 16.7 | 6 | 4.7 | |
| No | 208 | 90 | 85 | 83.3 | 123 | 95.3 | |
| Heart disease | 0.006 | ||||||
| Yes | 40 | 17.32 | 10 | 9.8 | 30 | 23.3 | |
| No | 191 | 82.68 | 92 | 90.2 | 99 | 76.7 | |
| Kidney disease | 0.394 | ||||||
| Yes | 3 | 1.3 | 2 | 2.0 | 1 | 0.8 | |
| No | 228 | 98.7 | 100 | 98.0 | 128 | 99.2 | |
| Drinking alcohol | 0.813 | ||||||
| Yes | 112 | 48.5 | 60 | 58.8 | 52 | 40.3 | |
| No | 119 | 51.5 | 42 | 41.2 | 77 | 59.7 | |
| Betel nut | 0.651 | ||||||
| Yes | 88 | 38.1 | 46 | 45.1 | 42 | 32.6 | |
| No | 143 | 61.9 | 56 | 54.9 | 87 | 67.4 | |
| Smoking | 0.565 | ||||||
| Yes | 87 | 37.7 | 40 | 39.2 | 47 | 36.4 | |
| No | 144 | 62.3 | 62 | 60.8 | 82 | 63.6 | |
| Perception of physical condition | 0.771 | ||||||
| Very bad | 12 | 5.5 | 6 | 5.9 | 6 | 4.7 | |
| Bad | 28 | 12.7 | 9 | 8.8 | 19 | 14.7 | |
| Average | 148 | 62.3 | 65 | 63.7 | 83 | 64.3 | |
| Good | 26 | 11.8 | 14 | 13.7 | 12 | 9.3 | |
| Very good | 17 | 7.7 | 8 | 7.8 | 9 | 7.0 | |
| Number of chronic diseases | 0.365 | ||||||
| None | 84 | 36.4 | 30 | 29.4 | 54 | 41.9 | |
| 1 | 75 | 32.5 | 34 | 33.3 | 41 | 31.8 | |
| 2 | 44 | 19.0 | 23 | 22.5 | 21 | 16.3 | |
| 3 | 17 | 7.4 | 9 | 8.8 | 8 | 6.2 | |
| 4 or more | 11 | 4.8 | 6 | 5.9 | 5 | 3.9 | |
| Number of MetS indicators | 0.628 | ||||||
| 0 | 3 | 1.3 | 1 | 1.0 | 2 | 1.6 | |
| 1 | 25 | 10.8 | 15 | 14.7 | 10 | 7.8 | |
| 2 | 39 | 16.9 | 14 | 13.7 | 25 | 19.4 | |
| 3 | 60 | 26 | 26 | 25.5 | 34 | 26.4 | |
| 4 | 57 | 24.7 | 25 | 24.5 | 32 | 24.8 | |
| 5 | 47 | 20.3 | 21 | 20.6 | 26 | 20.2 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.049 | ||||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 2 | 0.9 | 1 | 1.0 | 1 | 0.8 | |
| Normal (18.5~24.9) | 45 | 19.5 | 22 | 21.6 | 23 | 17.8 | |
| Overweight (25~29.9) | 52 | 22.5 | 22 | 21.6 | 30 | 23.3 | |
| Obesity (≥30.0) | 132 | 57.1 | 57 | 55.9 | 75 | 58.1 | |
Note. BMI: Body Mass Index.