Table 4.
Prevalence odds ratios for proteinuria and low eGFR in relation to cadmium excretion and other variables.
| Parameters | Number of Subjects | Proteinuria a | Low eGFR b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| POR (95% CI) | p | POR (95% CI) | p | ||
| Age, years | 405 | 0.923 (0.897, 0.949) | <0.001 | 0.888 (0.854, 0.924) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 11 | 0.726 (0.181, 2.916) | 0.652 | 0.582 (0.119, 2.861) | 0.506 |
| Sex (females) | 208 | 1.030 (0.539, 1.971) | 0.928 | 0.775 (0.336, 1.787) | 0.550 |
| Hypertension | 56 | 0.498 (0.244, 1.017) | 0.055 | 0.363 (0.159, 0.826) | 0.016 |
| Smoking | 186 | 0.778 (0.398, 1.520) | 0.462 | 1.271 (0.523, 3.092) | 0.597 |
| ECd/Ccr × 100, µg/L filtrate | |||||
| 0.04–2.71 | 203 | Referent | |||
| 2.72–8.28 | 102 | 1.252 (0.670, 2.341) | 0.482 | 4.579 (1.116, 18.79) | 0.035 |
| 8.29–63 | 100 | 4.575 (1.880, 11.13) | 0.001 | 5.109 (2.093, 12.47) | <0.001 |
POR, prevalence odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Coding: female = 1, male = 2, hypertensive = 1, normotensive = 2, smoker = 1, non-smoker = 2. a Proteinuria was defined as (EProt/Ccr) × 100 ≥ 20 mg/L filtrate; b low eGFR was defined as estimated GFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Data were generated from logistic regression analyses relating POR for proteinuria and low eGFR to a set of six independent variables (first column). For all tests, p-values ≤ 0.05 indicate a statistically significant association of POR with a given independent variable. Arithmetic means (SD) of (ECd/Ccr) × 100 ranges: 0.04–2.71, 2.72–8.28, and 8.29–63 µg/L filtrate were 0.59 (0.54), 5.40 (1.71), and 18.5 (10.5) µg/L filtrate, respectively.