Skip to main content
. 2023 Jan 18;24(3):1893. doi: 10.3390/ijms24031893

Table 5.

Comparing excretion rates of various proteins and cadmium in the high-exposure group stratified by eGFR levels.

Parameters All Subjects
n = 215		 eGFR a, mL/min/1.73 m2 p
>90, n = 33 61–90, n = 131 ≤60, n = 51
Age, years 57.0 ± 11.1 49.4 ± 9.4 55.6 ± 9.6 65.6 ± 10.6 <0.001
BMI, kg/m2 21.4 ± 3.6 21.2 ± 3.2 21.3 ± 3.5 21.7 ± 4.3 0.822
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 71.6 ± 19.4 100.4 ± 8.3 74.6 ± 8.2 45.4 ± 11.3 <0.001
Plasma creatinine, mg/dL 1.07 ± 0.35 0.79 ± 0.13 0.98 ± 0.14 1.50 ± 0.44 <0.001
Urine creatinine, mg/dL 118.4 ± 62.2 99.1 ± 53.1 116.8 ± 60.2 135.2 ± 69.4 0.054
Plasma to urine creatinine ratio 0.0125 ± 0.0096 0.0116 ± 0.0097 0.0118 ± 0.0094 0.0148 ± 0.0098 0.034
Urine Cd, µg/L 11.85 ± 12.28 11.18 ± 18.70 10.56 ± 8.05 15.61 ± 15.31 0.079
Urine β2M, mg/L 4.92 ± 17.43 0.20 ± 0.36 1.18 ± 4.02 17.57 ± 32.31 <0.001
Urine α1M, mg/L 13.09 ± 18.68 5.66 ± 6.17 8.37 ± 7.91 30.04 ± 30.31 <0.001
Urine albumin, mg/L 25.57 ± 70.59 7.62 ± 7.29 22.64 ± 76.57 44.72 ± 73.74 <0.001
Urine protein, mg/L 85.4 ± 199.1 14.9 ± 22.6 56.2 ± 144.6 206.2 ± 307.7 <0.001
Normalized to Ecr as Ex/Ecr b
ECd/Ecr, µg/g creatinine 10.43 ± 8.02 10.26 ± 10.35 9.98 ± 6.79 11.69 ± 9.20 0.641
Eβ2M/Ecr, mg/g creatinine 4.87 ± 16.55 0.23 ± 0.37 1.66 ± 9.72 16.13 ± 27.49 <0.001
Eα1M/Ecr, mg/g creatinine 11.34 ± 15.00 5.78 ± 4.95 7.53 ± 6.30 24.72 ± 24.57 <0.001
EAlb/Ecr, mg/g creatinine 23.21 ± 55.07 10.47 ± 15.68 20.71 ± 59.50 37.88 ± 57.23 <0.001
EProt/Ecr, mg/g creatinine 78.25 ± 174.96 16.73 ± 24.54 57.98 ± 149.26 170.13 ± 246.01 <0.001
Eβ2M/Ecr, µg/g creatinine (%)
<100 36.7 51.5 43.5 9.8 <0.001
100–999 37.7 42.4 42.0 23.5 <0.001
1000 25.6 6.1 14.5 66.7 <0.001
EAlb/Ecr, mg/g creatinine (%)
<30 84.2 93.9 88.5 66.7 <0.001
30–300 15.3 0.1 10.7 33.3 <0.001
>300 0.5 0 0.8 0 0.017
Normalized to Ccr as Ex/Ccr c
(ECd/Ccr) × 100, µg/L filtrate 11.27 ± 9.89 8.10 ± 9.06 9.67 ± 6.60 17.44 ± 14.17 <0.001
(Eβ2M/Ccr) × 100, mg/L filtrate 7.74 ± 29.06 0.18 ± 0.28 1.82 ± 11.58 27.82 ± 52.20 <0.001
(Eα1M/Ccr) × 100, mg/L filtrate 15.00 ± 28.25 4.46 ± 3.59 7.45 ± 6.63 41.20 ± 48.68 <0.001
(EAlb/Ccr) × 100, mg/L filtrate 29.06 ± 75.93 7.50 ± 9.83 20.23 ± 56.82 65.68 ± 119.75 <0.001
(EProt/Ccr) × 100, mg/L filtrate 109.9 ± 316.8 13.0 ± 19.1 56.3 ± 141.0 310.2 ± 568.2 <0.001

n, number of subjects; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; Ex, excretion of x; cr, creatinine; Ccr, creatinine clearance; Prot, protein; Cd, cadmium; a eGFR was determined by equations of the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration [20]. b Ex/Ecr = [x]u/[cr]u; c Ex/Ccr = [x]u[cr]p/[cr]u, where x = Prot or Cd [25]. Data for all continuous variables are arithmetic means ± standard deviation (SD). For all tests, p ≤ 0.05 identifies statistical significance, determined by Kruskal–Wallis test for mean differences across three eGFR ranges.