Figure 6.

Reactive oxidative and nitrosative species formed by PG-NOW disrupt the homeostasis of bacterial cells. Intracellular levels of RNS in (A) E. coli and (B) S. aureus after PG-NOW treatment was observed using the DAF-FM DA assay, in which a fluorescent benzotriazole was seen. (C,D) Analysis of the nitrosative and oxidative stress regulons’ (soxR and soxS) mRNA expression in E. coli, and (E) oxyR, respectively. The heat shock genes (F) dnaK, and (G) groL mRNA expression following the PG-NOW treatment (1000 µM). ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. control or untreated, ns = not significant. The data are represented as the mean ± SD of three identical experiments with three replicates.