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. 2023 Jan 29;20(3):2362. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20032362

Table 1.

Characteristics of Included Studies.

Study Country Sample Size Sample Characteristics
(SD in Parentheses)
Population Type Design and Date of Data Collection (dd/mm/yyyy) Relevant Measures Qualsyst Score
Arad et al. [44] Israel n = 99 Mean age (treatment): 22.62 (2.36)
Mean age (control): 21.57 (1.90)
Gender: 85% female
University students (>50 LSAS) Natural experiment
T1: September 2019 to December 2019
T2: January 2020 to April 2020
LSAS-SR, PHQ-9 0.95
(strong)
Bendau et al. [45] Germany n = 307 Mean age: 39.64 (11.7)
Gender: 71.2% female
Clinical (self-diagnosed) Longitudinal
T1: 27 March 2020 to 6 April 2020
T2: 24 April 2020 to 4 May 2020
T3: 15 May 2020 to 25 May 2020
T4: 5 June 2020 to 15 June 2020
C-19-A, PHQ-4 0.95 (strong)
Blasco-Belled et al. [46] Spain n = 541 Mean age: 38.82 (15.97)
Gender: 65.8% female
Community Cross-sectional
Data collected from 12 March 2020 to 15 March 2020
LSAS-SR, PWI,
SPANE
0.91 (strong)
Buckner et al. [47] USA n = 120 Mean age: 19.8 (1.6)
Gender: unspecified
Community Longitudinal
T1: 16 February 2020 to 13 March 2020
T2: 13 April 2020 to 15 May 2020
DASS-21, SIAS,
Worry Index
0.91 (strong)
Carlton et al. [48] USA n = 84 Mean age: 19.5 (1.47)
Gender: 73.8% female
Clinical Repeated cross-sectional
T1: January 2021 to March 2021
T2: 1 month after T1
ADIS-5, DASS-21, FIVE, RSQ, SAFE 0.82 (strong)
Charmaraman et al. [49] USA n = 586 Mean age: 12.53 (1.18) Gender: 53% female Community Longitudinal
T1: September 2019 to November 2019
T2: October 2020 to December 2020
CESDR-10, COVID-19-Related Grief Scale, PRIUSS, SAS-A 0.95 (strong)
Czorniej et al. [50] Poland n = 255 Mean age: 24.30 (1.69) Gender: 53.7% female Healthcare Students Cross-sectional
Data collected from May 2021 to May 2022
LSAS, STAI 0.85 (strong)
Eskiyurt & Akaca [51] Turkey n = 670 Mean age: 20.77 (2.77) Gender: 82% female Community Cross-sectional
Data collected from February 2020 to February 2021
B-FNE, LSAS 0.91 (strong)
Falco et al. [52] Spain n = 439 Mean age: 36.64 (13.37) Gender: 73.1% female University Community Cross-sectional
Data collected from March 2020 to May 2020
ESTAD Anxiety and depression disorders symptoms scale, F-COVID-19, Impact of event scale-revised 0.86 (strong)
Fawwaz et al. [53] Malaysia n = 158 Mean age: 21.77 (1.54)
Gender: 56.3% female
Community Cross-sectional
Data collected from January 2021 to February 2021
MTOQ, UMS, SPIN 0.73 (good)
Hawes et al. [54] USA n = 451 Mean age: 17.49 (1.42)
Gender: 65.4% female
Community Longitudinal
T1: Pre-pandemic (unspecified)
T2: 27 March 2020 to 15 May 2020
CDI, SCARED 0.91 (strong)
Ho & Moscovitch [55] USA n = 488 Median age: 25–39 (N/A)
Gender: 48% female
Community Cross-sectional
Data collected from May 2020
BFNE, CAS, CSS, SDSa, SIAS, TILS 0.86 (strong)
Huang et al. [56] China n = 501 Mean age: 24.31 (7.83)
Gender: 63.9% female
Community Cross-sectional
Data collected from March 2020
IPCS, LSAS-SR 0.91 (strong)
Itani et al. [57] Lebanon n = 178 Median age: 16 years old
Gender: 59.0% female
Community Cross-sectional
Data collected from August 2020 to September 2020
LSAS-CA 0.73 (good)
Ju et al. [58] China n = 199 Mean age: 42.72 (17.53)
Gender: 53.3% female
Discharged COVID-19 patients Cross-sectional
Data collected from July 2020 to September 2020
Self-Stigma Scale, Self- consciousness Scale 0.77 (good)
Juvonen et al. [59] USA n = 1557 Mean age: 22.5 (0.75)
Gender: 62% female
Community Longitudinal
T1: Pre-pandemic (2017–2019)
T2: March 2021 to June 2021
CES-D, GAD-7, SAS-A 0.95 (strong)
Krämer et al. [60] Germany n = 190 Mean age: 44.2 (14.18)
Gender: 47% female
Community Longitudinal
T1: 6 April 2020
T2: 29 April 2020
T3: 20 May 2020
T4: 10 June 2020
BFI-2, PHQ-4, SIAS-6, SOEP, Unified Motive Scale 0.91 (strong)
Langhammer et al. [61] Germany n = 47 Mean age: 37.3 (10.78)
Gender: 60% female
Clinical outpatient Cross-sectional
Data collected from July 2020
BDI-II, HAMA-A, PAS, PHQ-9, SMSP 0.82 (strong)
Li [62] China n = 600 Median age: 20 (N/A)
Gender: 46% female
Community Cross-sectional
Data collected from March 2020
SIAS 0.68 (adequate)
Liang et al. [63] China n = 3137 Mean age: N/A
Gender: 78.58% female
University students Cross-sectional
Data collected from February 2020
SAD, SAS, SDSb 0.82 (strong)
Lim et al. [64] Australia n = 1562 Mean age = 48.8
Gender: 84.2% female
Community Longitudinal
T1: March 2020
T2: 6–8 weeks after T1
T3: 6–8 weeks after T2
Mini-SPIN, PHQ-8, UCLA Loneliness Scale 1.0 (strong)
Ma [65] USA n = 23 Mean age: 21.3 (N/A)
Gender: 78.3% female
Community Cross-sectional
Data collected from September 2020 to December 2020
CD-RISC-10,
GAD-7,
SM-SAD
0.41 (limited)
McLeish et al. [66] USA n = 934 Mean age: 20.4 (3.59)
Gender: 72.4% female
University students Repeated cross-sectional
T1: March 2020 to May 2020
T2: September 2020 to December 2020
T3: January 2021 to April 20201
OASIS, ODSIS, PSWQ-3, SIAS-6, SPS-6, SSASI 0.73 (good)
Morales et al. [67] USA n = 164 Mean age: 16.16 (0.61)
Gender: N/A
Community Longitudinal
T1: March 2017 to August 2019
T2: April 2020 to May 2020
T3: June 2020 to July 2020
T4: August 2020 to September 2020
SCARED, CASPE, GAD-7, K-SADS, PSS-10 0.95 (strong)
Moran et al. [68] USA n = 32 Mean age: 27.9 (4.52)
Gender: 90.6% female
Domestic Violence Survivors Cross-sectional
Data collected from January 2021 to March 2021
ABI, IDAS, MAC-RF, MSPSS 0.65 (adequate)
Pang [69] China n = 566 Median age: 21–23 (N/A)
Gender: 58.8% female
Community Cross-sectional
Data collected from April 2020
0.82 (strong)
Quittkat et al. [70] Germany n = 86 Mean age: 33.41 (11.45)
Gender: 73% female
Clinical (self-diagnosed) Cross-sectional
Data collected from 2 April 2020 to 6 May 2020
PHQ-9, SIAS, SPS 0.95
(strong)
Samantaray et al. [71] India n = 65 Mean age: 21.77 (2.67) Gender 53.8% female Clinical Cross-sectional
Data collection unspecified.
F-COVID-19, SPIN 0.83 (strong)
Tekin [72] Turkey n = 118 Mean age: 13.2 (2.1) Gender 65% female Community Cross-sectional
Data collected from March 2021 to April 2021
ARI-P, RCADS-P, PedsQL, Turgay-DSM-IV-S 0.77 (good)
Terin et al. [73] Turkey n = 199 Mean age: 14.48 (2.15)
Gender: 74.6% female
Hospital patients Cross-sectional
Data collected from October 2021 to January 2022
CAS, CASI, RCADS-CV 0.91
(strong)
Thompson et al. [42] USA n = 204 Mean age: 30.4 (11.2)
Gender: 83.2% female
Community Cross-sectional
Data collected from September 2020
LSNS-6, SPS, UCLA Loneliness scale 0.55
(adequate)
Yurteri & Sarigedik [74] Turkey n = 60 Mean age: 10.22 (N/A)
Gender: 46.7% female
Community Longitudinal
T1: Pre-pandemic (unspecified)
T2: Post-Pandemic (unspecified)
CDI, SCARED 0.86 (strong)
Zhu et al. [43] China n = 1393 Mean age: 13.04 (0.86) Gender 53.1% female Community Longitudinal
T1: September 2019
T2: June 2020
GAD-7, PHQ-9, MSPSS, MDASS, SAS, SCS, STAI, SWLS 0.95
(strong)

Notes: When mean age was not available, median age was included. ABI, Abusive Behavior Inventory; ARI-P, Affective Reactivity Index—Parent-Report; BDI-II, Beck Depressive Inventory; BFI-2, Big Five Inventory-2; BFNE, Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation; C-19-A, COVID-19-Anxiety Questionnaire; CAS, Coronavirus Anxiety Scale; CASI, Anxiety Sensitivity Index for Children; CASPE, COVID-19 Adolescent Symptom & Psychological Experience Questionnaire; CDI, Child Depression Inventory; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CESDR-10, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Revised; CD-RISC-10, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 10-item; CSS, Coronavirus Stressor Survey; DASS-21, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale—21 Items; F-COVID-19, Fear of COVID-19 scale; FIVE, Fear of Illness and Virus Evaluation; GAD-7, General Anxiety Disorder-7, HAM-A, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; IDAS, Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms; K-SADS, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; IPCS, Interpersonal Curiosity Scale; LSAS-CA, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale for Children and Adolescents; LSAS-SR, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale—Self Report; LSNS-6, Lubben Social Network Scale-6; MAC-RF, Multidimensional Assessment of COVID-19-Related Fears; MDASS, Mind-sets of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress; MSPSS, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; MTOQ, Mattering to Others Questionnaire; N/A, Not Available; OASIS, Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale; ODSIS, Overall Depression Severity and Impairment Scale; PAS, Panic and Agoraphobia Scale; PedsQL, Pediatric Quality Of Life Inventory; PHQ-4, Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PRIUSS, Problematic Internet Use Scale; PSS-10; Perceived Stress Scale; PSWQ-3, Ultra-Brief Penn State Worry Questionnaire; PWI, Personal Wellbeing Index; RCADS-CV, Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale—Child Version; RCADS-P, Revised Children Anxiety And Depression Scales—Parent Form; RSQ, Response to Stress Questionnaire for COVID-19; SAD, Social Avoidance and Distress Scale; SAFE, Subtle Avoidance and Frequency Examination; SAS, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; SAS, Social Anxiety Scale; SAS-A, Social Anxiety Scales for Adolescents; SCS, Self-Control Scale; SCARED, Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders; SD, Standard Devation; SDSa, Sheehan Disability Scale; SDSb, Self-Rating Depression Scale; SDSc, Bogardus Social Distance Scale; SIAS, Social Interaction Anxiety Scale; SIAS-6, Short Form Social Interaction Anxiety Scale; SM-SAD, Severity Measure for Social Anxiety Disorder; SOEP, Socio-Economic Panel; SMSP, Severity Measure for Specific Phobia; SPANE, Scale of Positive and Negative Experience; SPIN, Social Phobia Inventory; SPS, Social Phobia Scale; SPS-6, Social Phobia Scale; SSASI, Short Scale Anxiety Sensitivity Index; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; SWLS, Satisfaction With Life Scale; T, Timepoint; TDDS, Three-Domain Disgust Scale; TILS, Three Item Loneliness Scale; UMS, University Mattering Scale.