Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
| SCS patients (n = 1082) | Control individuals (n = 5410) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean or percent | SE or count | Mean or percent | SE or count | ||
| Age at index (y) | 47.1 | 0.3 | 47.1 | 0.1 | |
| Follow-up time (y) | 4.4 | 0.4 | 5.0 | 0.3 | |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 44% | 480 | 44% | 2400 | |
| Female | 56% | 602 | 56% | 3010 | |
| Birth country | |||||
| Sweden | 86% | 931 | 82% | 4409 | |
| Europe, except Sweden | 9% | 99 | 9% | 489 | |
| Other | 5% | 52 | 9% | 512 | |
| Education level | |||||
| Primary education | 19% | 201 | 13% | 721 | |
| Secondary education | 58% | 629 | 48% | 2571 | |
| Postsecondary/postgraduate education | 22% | 242 | 37% | 2026 | |
| Employment status | |||||
| Employed | 47% | 508 | 69% | 3734 | |
| Not employed | 53% | 574 | 31% | 1663 | |
| Income (000, €) | 21.6 | 0.6 | 26.6 | 0.8 | |
| Elixhauser comorbidity index | 0.8 | 0 | 0.3 | 0 | |
| Prior spine surgery | 23% | 253 | <1% | 7 | |
| Nonopioid pain medication usage (at least 1 dispensation in the prior 3 mo) | 45% | 484 | 5% | 282 | |
| Depression medicine usage (at least 1 dispensation in the prior 3 mo) | 46% | 494 | 8% | 411 | |
| Any opioid usage (at least 1 dispensation in the prior 3 mo) | 55% | 594 | 4% | 201 | |
| Strong opioid usage (at least 1 dispensation in the prior 3 mo) | 27% | 288 | 1% | 34 | |
| Weak opioid usage (at least 1 dispensation in the prior 3 mo) | 36% | 394 | 3% | 173 | |
SCS, spinal cord stimulation.