Table 3.
The effect of wogonoside on inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer.
| Disease | Animal/Cell Models | Dose and Times | Up-Regulation | Down-Regulation | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UC | DSS-induced UC mice | 50 mg/kg, 10 days | occludin, ZO-1, Claudin1, MLC2 | IL-13, IFN-γ, MLCK, p-MLC2 | [130] |
| 50 mg/kg, 10 days | NF-κB p65 (cytosol) | MPO activity, iNOS activity, CD11b+F4/80+ monocyte/macrophage, CD11b+Gr-1+ neutrophils, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 (serum, colonic), IL-18, IFN-γ, and MIP-1α (colonic), NF-κB p65 (nucleus), p-IkBα (cytosol), p-p65, NF-kB DNA binding activity, cleaved caspase-1 and IL-1β, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 activity |
[131] | ||
| THP-1 cells (LPS-treated) | 50 µM, 6 h |
NF-κB p65 (cytosol) | IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB p65 (nucleus), p-IkBα (cytosol), p-p65, NF-kB DNA binding activity, NLRP3, pro-caspase-1, cleaved caspase-1 and IL-1β, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 activity | [131] | |
| Caco-2 cells (TNF-α exposure) | 50 µM, 72 h |
occludin, ZO-1, Claudin1, TER, MLC2, F-actin | FD4, MLCK, p-MLC2 | [130] | |
| CRC | AOM/DSS mouse | 100 mg/kg, 105 days |
apoptotic cells, NF-κB (cytoplasm) | neutrophil (Gr-1+ positive cells), macrophage (F4/80+ positive cells), Ki-67, BrdU, PCNA, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB, NF-κB (nucleus), p-p65, PI3K, p-AKT/AKT, p-IKKα/IKKα, p-IkBα/ IkBα, cyclin D1, survivin | [132] |
| HCT116 and HT29 cells (conditioned media from LPS-treated THP-1 cells) | 150 µM, 24 h | NF-κB (cytoplasm) | PCNA, p-IKKα/IKKα, p-IκBα/IκBα, cyclin D1, survivin, NF-κB (nucleus), NF-κB fluorescence, NF-κB luciferase activity, PI3K, p-AKT/AKT | [132] | |
| LOVO cells | 62.5 µM, 48 h | caspase-3 and -9, bax, LC3, p62 | Bcl-2, PI3K, p-AKT, p-mTOR, p-p70S6K | [90] | |
| Miscellaneous | RAW 264.7 cells (LPS-treated) | 50 μM, 24 h | NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2 | [133] |
AKT, protein kinase B; AOM, azoxymethane; ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (caspase recruitment domain); Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein; BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; CRC, colorectal cancer; DSS, dextran sulfate sodium; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FD4, FITC-dextran; IFN-γ, interferon gamma; IL-, interleukin; IKKα, IκB kinase alpha; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; IκBα, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor alpha; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MIP-1α, macrophage inflammatory proteins-1α; MLC2, myosin light chain2; MLCK, myosin light chain kinase; MPO, myeloperoxidase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NO, nitric oxide; NLRP3, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3; p-, phosphorylation-; PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinases; p70S6K, ribosomal protein S6 kinase; TER, transmembrane resistance; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; UC, ulcerative colitis; ZO-1, zonula occludens-1.