Table 1.
Statistical results of the psychological scales. Data were analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis χ2 test. For further two-by-two comparisons, Mann–Whitney tests were calculated.
| Scale (Questionnaire) Group | Average | Std | Square-Chi | p | Post-Hoc | z | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety State (STAI) | Pre-Pandemic (1) | 16.26 | 7.971 | 14.447 | 0.001 | (1) vs. (2) | −1.064 | 0.287 |
| Pandemic (2) | 18.29 | 10.314 | (2) vs. (3) | −2.375 | 0.018 | |||
| Post-restrictions (3) | 21.87 | 10.254 | (1) vs. (3) | −3.861 | 0.000 | |||
| Total | 18.81 | 9.816 | ||||||
| Anxiety Trait (STAI) | Pre-Pandemic (1) | 20.55 | 9.084 | 13.88 | 0.001 | (1) vs. (2) | −1.898 | 0.058 |
| Pandemic (2) | 23.07 | 9.102 | (2) vs. (3) | −2.061 | 0.039 | |||
| Post-restrictions (3) | 26.05 | 10.248 | (1) vs. (3) | −3.600 | 0.000 | |||
| Total | 23.22 | 9.726 | ||||||
| State Euthymia (ST/DEP) | Pre-Pandemic (1) | 10.82 | 3.147 | 2.26 | 0.323 | (1) vs. (2) | −1.476 | 0.140 |
| Pandemic (2) | 11.61 | 3.908 | (2) vs. (3) | −0.439 | 0.661 | |||
| Post-restrictions (3) | 11.44 | 4.177 | (1) vs. (3) | −1.006 | 0.315 | |||
| Total | 11.29 | 3.770 | ||||||
| State Dysthymia (ST/DEP) | Pre-Pandemic (1) | 6.65 | 1.997 | 3.162 | 0.206 | (1) vs. (2) | −0.241 | 0.810 |
| Pandemic (2) | 6.72 | 2.422 | (2) vs. (3) | −1.574 | 0.115 | |||
| Post-restrictions (3) | 7.20 | 2.544 | (1) vs. (3) | −1.481 | 0.139 | |||
| Total | 6.86 | 2.336 | ||||||
| Trait Euthymia (ST/DEP) | Pre-Pandemic (1) | 10.31 | 3.316 | 2.153 | 0.341 | (1) vs. (2) | −1.571 | 0.116 |
| Pandemic (2) | 10.80 | 3.209 | (2) vs. (3) | −0.400 | 0.689 | |||
| Post-restrictions (3) | 10.68 | 3.687 | (1) vs. (3) | −0.805 | 0.421 | |||
| Total | 10.60 | 3.405 | ||||||
| Trait Dysthymia (ST/DEP) | Pre-Pandemic (1) | 6.97 | 1.816 | 1.298 | 0.523 | (1) vs. (2) | −0.980 | 0.327 |
| Pandemic (2) | 7.33 | 2.293 | (2) vs. (3) | −0.074 | 0.941 | |||
| Post-restrictions (3) | 7.30 | 2.111 | (1) vs. (3) | −0.989 | 0.323 | |||
| Total | 7.20 | 2.081 | ||||||
| Somatization (BSI) | Pre-Pandemic (1) | 7.53 | 4.586 | 1.689 | 0.43 | (1) vs. (2) | −0.541 | 0.588 |
| Pandemic (2) | 8.57 | 7.196 | (2) vs. (3) | −0.615 | 0.539 | |||
| Post-restrictions (3) | 8.51 | 4.981 | (1) vs. (3) | −1.368 | 0.171 | |||
| Total | 8.20 | 5.697 | ||||||
| Depression (BSI) | Pre-Pandemic (1) | 6.66 | 4.890 | 7.128 | 0.028 | (1) vs. (2) | −2.404 | 0.016 |
| Pandemic (2) | 8.91 | 7.466 | (2) vs. (3) | −0.128 | 0.898 | |||
| Post-restrictions (3) | 8.33 | 5.398 | (1) vs. (3) | −2.207 | 0.027 | |||
| Total | 7.96 | 6.070 | ||||||
| Anxiety (BSI) | Pre-Pandemic (1) | 7.52 | 4.254 | 4.263 | 0.119 | (1) vs. (2) | −1.161 | 0.246 |
| Pandemic (2) | 9.24 | 7.967 | (2) vs. (3) | −0.714 | 0.475 | |||
| Post-restrictions (3) | 8.82 | 4.301 | (1) vs. (3) | −2.131 | 0.083 | |||
| Total | 8.53 | 5.792 | ||||||
| Logical Analysis (CRI) | Pre-Pandemic (1) | 11.131 | 2.8586 | 1.701 | 0.427 | (1) vs. (2) | −0.051 | 0.959 |
| Pandemic (2) | 11.156 | 3.1903 | (2) vs. (3) | −1.067 | 0.286 | |||
| Post-restrictions (3) | 11.612 | 3.1464 | (1) vs. (3) | −1.185 | 0.236 | |||
| Total | 11.300 | 3.0648 | ||||||
| Positive Reappraisal (CRI) | Pre-Pandemic (1) | 11.000 | 2.8206 | 6.421 | 0.04 | (1) vs. (2) | −0.831 | 0.406 |
| Pandemic (2) | 11.311 | 3.8443 | (2) vs. (3) | −1.559 | 0.119 | |||
| Post-restrictions (3) | 12.119 | 3.7183 | (1) vs. (3) | −2.551 | 0.011 | |||
| Total | 11.477 | 3.5087 | ||||||
| Seeking Guidance (CRI) | Pre-Pandemic (1) | 9.802 | 3.3241 | 0.363 | 0.834 | (1) vs. (2) | −0.517 | 0.605 |
| Pandemic (2) | 9.544 | 3.4516 | (2) vs. (3) | −0.277 | 0.782 | |||
| Post-restrictions (3) | 9.897 | 3.2118 | (1) vs. (3) | −0.464 | 0.642 | |||
| Total | 9.749 | 3.3212 | ||||||
| Problem Solving (CRI) | Pre-Pandemic (1) | 12.071 | 3.0492 | 1.238 | 0.538 | (1) vs. (2) | −0.143 | 0.886 |
| Pandemic (2) | 12.056 | 3.1493 | (2) vs. (3) | −1.002 | 0.317 | |||
| Post-restrictions (3) | 12.421 | 3.7580 | (1) vs. (3) | −0.913 | 0.361 | |||
| Total | 12.183 | 3.3262 | ||||||
| Cognitive Avoidance (CRI) | Pre-Pandemic (1) | 9.440 | 3.2803 | 1.61 | 0.447 | (1) vs. (2) | −1.248 | 0.212 |
| Pandemic (2) | 10.089 | 3.7286 | (2) vs. (3) | −0.244 | 0.807 | |||
| Post-restrictions (3) | 9.857 | 3.5373 | (1) vs. (3) | −0.892 | 0.372 | |||
| Total | 9.794 | 3.5167 | ||||||
| Acceptance/Resignation (CRI) | Pre-Pandemic (1) | 7.725 | 3.2492 | 9.028 | 0.011 | (1) vs. (2) | −2.524 | 0.012 |
| Pandemic (2) | 8.967 | 3.4882 | (2) vs. (3) | −0.264 | 0.792 | |||
| Post-restrictions (3) | 9.052 | 3.5152 | (1) vs. (3) | −2.658 | 0.008 | |||
| Total | 8.580 | 3.4606 | ||||||
| Seeking Alternative Reward (CRI) | Pre-Pandemic (1) | 8.104 | 3.5391 | 0.282 | 0.869 | (1) vs. (2) | −0.308 | 0.758 |
| Pandemic (2) | 8.267 | 3.4505 | (2) vs. (3) | −0.270 | 0.787 | |||
| Post-restrictions (3) | 8.459 | 3.4475 | (1) vs. (3) | −0.505 | 0.613 | |||
| Total | 8.277 | 3.4696 | ||||||
| Emotional Discharge (CRI) | Pre-Pandemic (1) | 7.093 | 3.1893 | 3.275 | 0.194 | (1) vs. (2) | −0.184 | 0.854 |
| Pandemic (2) | 6.967 | 3.3569 | (2) vs. (3) | −1.621 | 0.105 | |||
| Post-restrictions (3) | 7.759 | 3.1255 | (1) vs. (3) | −1.500 | 0.134 | |||
| Total | 7.274 | 3.2318 | ||||||
| Neuroticism (NEO) | Pre-Pandemic (1) | 21.21 | 7.894 | 9.722 | 0.008 | (1) vs. (2) | −1.639 | 0.101 |
| Pandemic (2) | 23.33 | 7.635 | (2) vs. (3) | −1.490 | 0.136 | |||
| Post-restrictions (3) | 24.84 | 6.534 | (1) vs. (3) | −3.105 | 0.002 | |||
| Total | 23.13 | 7.500 | ||||||
| Extraversion (NEO) | Pre-Pandemic (1) | 32.22 | 10.718 | 1.853 | 0.396 | (1) vs. (2) | −1.232 | 0.218 |
| Pandemic (2) | 30.28 | 8.148 | (2) vs. (3) | −0.442 | 0.658 | |||
| Post-restrictions (3) | 31.32 | 7.043 | (1) vs. (3) | −1.038 | 0.299 | |||
| Total | 31.28 | 8.778 | ||||||
| Openness (NEO) | Pre-Pandemic (1) | 29.80 | 7.140 | 3.546 | 0.17 | (1) vs. (2) | −1.808 | 0.071 |
| Pandemic (2) | 27.60 | 6.775 | (2) vs. (3) | −0.865 | 0.387 | |||
| Post-restrictions (3) | 28.54 | 6.588 | (1) vs. (3) | −1.140 | 0.254 | |||
| Total | 28.65 | 6.873 | ||||||
| Agreeableness (NEO) | Pre-Pandemic (1) | 30.65 | 5.890 | 6.42 | 0.04 | (1) vs. (2) | −1.415 | 0.157 |
| Pandemic (2) | 29.66 | 4.968 | (2) vs. (3) | −1.292 | 0.196 | |||
| Post-restrictions (3) | 28.42 | 5.879 | (1) vs. (3) | −2.441 | 0.015 | |||
| Total | 29.57 | 5.652 | ||||||
| Conscientiousness (NEO) | Pre-Pandemic (1) | 33.56 | 6.620 | 0.007 | 0.996 | (1) vs. (2) | −0.020 | 0.984 |
| Pandemic (2) | 33.67 | 6.316 | (2) vs. (3) | −0.121 | 0.904 | |||
| Post-restrictions (3) | 33.65 | 6.043 | (1) vs. (3) | −0.006 | 0.996 | |||
| Total | 33.63 | 6.308 | ||||||