Table 3.
Schematic list of the cytokines produced, and related tissues found in patients with ASD during the fetal/childhood period mentioned in this review.
| Cytokine/System | Tissue/cell | References |
|---|---|---|
| IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-8 | Brain, cerebrospinal fluid | [76,77] |
| IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17 | Plasma | [77,78] |
| HCY, CRP | Plasma | [79] |
| Antioxidant system alteration | Monocytes | [80] |
| Il-6 | Monocytes CD14+ | [81] |
| IL-6, TNF-α, CRP | Plasma | [82,83] |
| TNF-α | Macrophages M1 and M2 | [85] |
| IL-17, IL-17ra, NF-κB, iNOS | Monocytes | [92] |
| Antioxidant system alteration | Plasma cells, monocytes, neutrophils, naïve CD4 T cells, and activated mast cells, dendritic cells and CD4 memory T cells | [93] |
| IL-1β/IL-10 ratio | Monocytes | [96] |
| MIF | Serum | [100] |
| IL-6, IL-17,IL-1α | Monocytes | [101] |
| IL-6, IL-1β, IL-12p70, MIF, eotaxin-1, MCP-1, IL-8, IL-7, IL-2, IL-12, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-4 | Blood | [102] |
| MIP-1a, MIP-1b | Blood | [103] |
| Pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines ratio | B cells | [104] |
| Protein of immune system regulation | Plasma/serum | [105] |
| Pro-inflammatory cytokines | Saliva | [106] |