Table 4.
Schematic list of the cytokines and microglia markers mentioned in this review, and potential roles found in ASD patients.
| Cytokine/Marker | Tissue/Cell | References |
|---|---|---|
| TNF-α | Microglia activation and monocytes’ recruitment in human brain | [33] |
| MCP-1, TARC, TGF-β | Microglia activation in human | [122] |
| TNF-α, IL-6, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-8 | Up-regulation in human brain cortex | [123] |
| IL-6 | Glial activation in human cerebellum | [124] |
| IL-6 | Upregulation in human brain | [125] |
| Iba-1 | Increased microglia density in human | [126,127] |
| None | Increased number of neurons and decreased of astroglia in human | [128] |
| Iba-1 | Increased number of microglia in human TC and no variation in astroglia | [129] |
| TSPO | No change in human brain | [130,131] |
| M2 genes | Microglia activation in human | [132] |
| MPZL2, SERPINA, HSPA6, GABRE | Microglia activation in human | [133] |
| GSK3, SYK, FYB | Microglia, astroglia activation in human | [134] |
| 121 genes | Microglia activation, dysregulation of vascular system, neuroinflammation | [135] |