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. 2023 Jan 19;24(3):1998. doi: 10.3390/ijms24031998

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The endothelium produces vasoactive factors that cause either relaxation or contraction of the vascular smooth muscle. Ang I and II: angiotensin I and II, ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme, Ach: acetylcholine, BK: bradykinin, cAMP/cGMP: cyclic adenosine/guanosine monophosphate, ECE: endothelin-converting enzyme, EDRF: endothelium-derived relaxing factor, ET-1: endothelin-1, 5HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), L-Arg: L-arginine, NO: nitric oxide, NOS: nitric oxide synthase, PGH2: prostaglandin H2, PGI2: prostacyclin, TGFβ1: transforming growth factor beta 1, Thr: thrombin, and TXA2: thromboxane A2. Circles represent receptors (AT: angiotensin receptor, B: bradykinin receptor, ET: endothelin receptor, M: muscarinic receptor, IP: purinergic receptor, S: serotonin receptor, T: thrombin receptor, and TX: thromboxane receptor).