Table 1.

Selected data regarding dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) or, in some cases, γ-linolenic acid (GLA) and their potential associations to inflammatory disease risk or treatment.

Condition/Disease	Finding	Reference
Obesity	Increased DGLA levels in overweight/obese subjects	[11]
	High maternal DGLA levels predict childhood body fat	[21]
Type 2 diabetes	Direct relationship between DGLA and HOMA-IR	[13]
(T2D)	Increased DGLA levels in overweight/obese subjects with T2D	[12]
	High DGLA levels associated with an increased risk of T2D	[15]
	Inverse relationship with complications of T2D	[16,17,19]
Cardiovascular	DGLA supplement reduces atherosclerosis development	[22]
diseases	Low DGLA levels worsen disease prognosis	[23,24]
Hepatic diseases	High DGLA levels associated with disease development	[25,26,27]
	High maternal DGLA levels predict childhood lipidosis	[28]
Gastrointestinal	Increased DGLA levels in Crohn’s disease	[29]
diseases	Increased DGLA levels in coeliac disease	[30]
Arthritis	Increased DGLA levels in rheumatoid arthritis	[31,32,33]
	DGLA exposure reduces synovial cell proliferation	[34]
	GLA supplement reduces rheumatoid arthritis symptoms	[8]
Bronchial asthma	Increased DGLA levels in disease cases	[35]
	Inverse relationship with lung function parameters	[36]
	GLA supplement reduces clinical symptoms	[37]
Atopic dermatitis	Reduced GLA and DGLA levels in disease cases	[38]
	GLA and DGLA supplements improve clinical signs	[38,39]
Cancers	Anti-proliferative effects of GLA and DGLA	[40]

HOMA-IR = homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.