Figure 2.

Goblet cells (blue color) in the colon of gnotobiotic piglets. Number of goblet cells per mm² in the colon of the one-week-old gnotobiotic piglets: germ-free (GF; (A)), infected with S. Typhimurium LT2 for 24 h (LT2; (B)), associated with B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (BB12; (C)), and associated with BB12 and infected with LT2 for 24 h (BB12 + LT2; (D)). Six samples from each group were analyzed, and statistical differences were calculated by a two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison post hoc test. The values are presented as mean + SEM, and a p < 0.05 among groups is denoted by different letters above the columns (E). A scale bar (D) depicts 100 μm.