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. 2023 Jan 24;24(3):2329. doi: 10.3390/ijms24032329

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Relative expression (fold-change) of TLR2 (A), TLR4 (B), TLR9 (C), MyD88 (D), TRIF (E), and RAGE (F) mRNA in the ileum of the one-week-old gnotobiotic piglets: germ-free (GF), infected with S. Typhimurium LT2 for 24 h (LT2), associated with B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (BB12), and associated with BB12 and infected with LT2 for 24 h (BB12 + LT2). Six samples from each group were analyzed, and statistical differences were calculated by a two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison post hoc test. The values are presented as mean + SEM, and a p < 0.05 among groups is denoted by different letters above the columns.