Table 1. Demographic characteristics of U.S. adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and association with metabolic conditions (N = 9,189).
| Before the COVID-19 pandemic (2019) | During the COVID-19 pandemic (2020) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolic conditions | Metabolic conditions | ||||||
| Total, n | n(%) | Total, n | n(%) | ||||
| Characteristics | (n = 5,359) | 3,287 (54.96) | P value | (n = 3,830) | 2,353 (56.09) | P value | |
| Age | < .001 | < .001 | |||||
| 18–25 | 187 (11.78) | 51 (32.54) | 147(13.32) | 44 (29.31) | |||
| 26–34 | 493 (12.49) | 170 (38.38) | 337 (12.97) | 118 (37.98) | |||
| 35–49 | 964 (24.61) | 444 (47.75) | 701 (25.47) | 342 (55.97) | |||
| 50–64 | 1,654 (31.11) | 1,067 (61.25) | 1,137 (27.78) | 746 (65.53) | |||
| 65+ | 1,930 (20.02) | 1,470 (76.64) | 1,396 (20.45) | 1,042 (73.34) | |||
| Sex | .577 | .288 | |||||
| Female | 2,795 (50.77) | 1,677 (54.53) | 2,038 (50.88) | 1,242 (55.07) | |||
| Male | 2,091 (49.23) | 1,320 (55.95) | 1,486 (49.12) | 934 (57.75) | |||
| Race/ethnicity | .002 | < .001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 3,030 (63.49) | 1,740 (53.04) | 2,125 (63.33) | 1,245 (55.55) | |||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 669 (11.26) | 505 (64.76) | 478 (11.145) | 369 (70.58) | |||
| Hispanic | 724 (16.83) | 444 (59.00) | 595 (16.96) | 343 (49.20) | |||
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 223 (5.35) | 111 (37.57) | 160 (5.23) | 81 (44.75) | |||
| Non-Hispanic other | 165 (3.07) | 100 (48.46) | 119 (3.34) | 72 (67.55) | |||
| Gender identity | .610 | .658 | |||||
| Heterosexual | 4,747 (95.65) | 2,896 (54.96) | 3,389 (94.57) | 2,083 (56.45) | |||
| Homosexual or lesbian/gay or bisexual | 194 (4.35) | 113 (51.12) | 163 (5.43) | 92 (53.50) | |||
| Marital status | < .001 | < .001 | |||||
| Single/never married | 876 (30.52) | 468 (45.59) | 644 (30.87) | 354 (49.31) | |||
| Married/living as married | 2,827 (55.69) | 1,654 (56.43) | 1,972 (54.77) | 1,177 (58.39) | |||
| Divorced/separated | 936 (8.94) | 623 (63.57) | 679 (9.75) | 445 (58.45) | |||
| Widowed | 581 (4.85) | 461 (78.85) | 410 (4.61) | 310 (77.46) | |||
| Level of education completed | < .001 | < .001 | |||||
| Less than High School | 327 (6.88) | 239 (65.38) | 273 (8.05) | 202 (66.33) | |||
| High School graduate | 932 (23.36) | 675 (63.18) | 702 (22.47) | 509 (66.69) | |||
| Some college | 1,580 (40.26) | 1,052 (57.32) | 1,075 (39.16) | 707 (56.87) | |||
| College graduate or higher | 2,394 (29.50) | 1,243 (43.09) | 1,658 (30.32) | 865 (45.42) | |||
| Total annual family income | < .001 | < .001 | |||||
| <$20,000 | 883 (18.35) | 636 (62.99) | 619 (15.09) | 455 (67.22) | |||
| $20,000 - $34,999 | 608 (11.05) | 417 (62.90) | 450 (11.48) | 298 (61.18) | |||
| $35,000 - $49,999 | 623 (13.48) | 412 (59.33) | 459 (12.70) | 300 (62.05) | |||
| $50,000 - $74,999 | 845 (17.46) | 524 (55.54) | 589 (18.20) | 351 (54.86) | |||
| ≥$75,000 | 1,795 (39.66) | 915 (46.42) | 1,319 (42.54) | 695 (48.49) | |||
| General health status | < .001 | < .001 | |||||
| Excellent/very good/good | 4,478 (84.84) | 2,555 (50.08) | 3,187 (85.89) | 1,818 (51.72) | |||
| Fair/poor | 853 (15.16) | 713 (81.98) | 626 (14.11) | 525 (82.99) | |||
| Moderate physical activity intensity | < .001 | < .001 | |||||
| None | 1,421 (25.78) | 1,065 (68.23) | 1,041 (27.12) | 773 (69.39) | |||
| At least one day per week | 3,861 (74.22) | 2,169 (50.26) | 2,739 (72.88) | 1,545 (51.01) | |||
| Anxiety/depression symptoms | .001 | .229 | |||||
| None | 3,771 (68.35) | 2,252 (52.23) | 2,669 (68.57) | 1,594 (53.65) | |||
| Mild | 865 (18.08) | 533 (55.43) | 629 (17.48) | 398 (59.62) | |||
| Moderate | 334 (7.40) | 225 (57.83) | 258 (7.93) | 174 (61.98) | |||
| Severe | 236 (6.18) | 174 (74.62) | 173 (6.02) | 113 (58.89) | |||
| Cigarette smoking status | < .001 | < .001 | |||||
| Never | 3,261 (64.22) | 1,892 (51.74) | 2,407 (63.11) | 1,403 (50.98) | |||
| Former smoker | 1,406 (23.27) | 984 (63.86) | 931 (23.02) | 628 (67.91) | |||
| Current smoker | 611 (12.52) | 364 (55.43) | 436 (13.87) | 287 (59.39) | |||
| E-cigarette use status | < .001 | .005 | |||||
| Never | 4,591 (80.77) | 2,882 (57.15) | 3,297 (80.91) | 2,070 (58.40) | |||
| Former user | 526 (13.83) | 282 (53.61) | 381 (12.71) | 205 (52.51) | |||
| Current user | 173 (5.40) | 86 (28.66) | 114 (6.39) | 55 (37.24) | |||
Data source: 2019 and 2020 Health Information National Trends Surveys, HINTS 5 Cycles 3 and 4, respectively.
Unweighted N = 9,189 and weighted N = 501,680,570.
Before the COVID-19 pandemic data (HINTS 5 Cycles 3) were collected from January through April 2019, and during the COVID-19 pandemic data were collected from February through June 2020.
Frequencies were not weighted, while percentages were weighted. Differences in total numbers in categories may be due to missing data.