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. 2023 Jan 21;24(3):2138. doi: 10.3390/ijms24032138

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Evaluation of multiple insect-resistance among 310 maize inbred lines in both Zhangye (E1) and Longxi (E2) ecological environments by unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) cluster analysis, and their attributive group dissection. (A) Statistics for group number and frequency of each optimal group. (B) Attributive groups and their frequency distribution of three high insect-resistant and 15 moderate insect-resistant inbred lines; average of DIMBOA content for each attributive group (including Lüda red cob (LRC), Lancaster (Lan), P, and Reid group, respectively) in E1 and E2, respectively. (C) Evaluation of multiple insect-resistance among 310 inbred lines in two environments were performed using R package (http://www.R-project.org/; accessed on 20 April 2022) with UPGMA (the K value sets to 5), including type I (high insect-resistant lines), type II (moderate insect-resistant lines), type III (insect-resistant lines), type IV (moderate insect-susceptible lines), and type V (insect-susceptible lines), respectively.