Table 1.

Summary of Clinical Trials with PPARα agonists for Cardiovascular Disease.

Study Name/Drug	Condition	Primary Endpoints	Outcome	Trial Identifier/Reference
Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study Fenofibrate	9795 patients with diabetes and dyslipidemia	Nonfatal myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease mortality	No significant reduction of coronary events	number ISRCTN 64783481 [29]
Action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes (ACCORD) trial Simvastatin alone or in combination with Fenofibrate	5518 patients with Diabetes	Nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, cardiovascular death	No reduction of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, cardiovascular death	NCT00000620 [30]
Helsinki Heart Study Gemfibrozil	4081 male patients with hyperlipidemia	Cardiac death, myocardial infarction	Reduction of coronary heart disease progression	[33]
Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Gemfibrozil	2531 male patients with dyslipidemia and coronary artery disease	Myocardial infarction, death from coronary artery disease	Reduction of major cardiovascular events	[34,35]
Pemafibrate to Reduce Cardiovascular Outcomes by Reducing Triglycerides in Patients with Diabetes (PROMINENT) trial Pemafibrate	10,544 patients with diabetes	Nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, cardiovascular death	Stopped in 2022 due to futility	[36] NCT03071692