Table 1.
Antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation biomarkers in depression—review of studies in humans.
| Characteristic | Place of Collection | Antioxidant Capacity | Inflammation Parameters | Peroxidation Biomarkers | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control n = 20 Depression n = 40 |
Serum | ↓ Vitamin A; ↓ Vitamin C; ↓ Vitamin E | [5] | ||
| Control n = 38 Depression n = 42 Generalized anxiety n = 37 |
Plasma | ↓ Vitamin E | ↑ MDA | [16] | |
| Control n = 19 Depression n = 15 |
Serum | ↓ GPX; ↓ SOD; ↑ RGSH | ↑ MDA | [17] | |
| Control n = 12 Depression n = 12 |
Brain | ↓ SOD; ↓ CAT; ↓ GPX | [18] | ||
| Control n = 1484 Depression n = 2477 |
Serum | ↑ SOD; ↓ uric acid; ↓ Zn | ↑ MDA | [19] | |
| Control n = 1788 Depression n = 1979 |
Serum | ↑ GST; ↑ CAT; ↓ GSH; ↑ nitrites; ↑ uric acid; ↑ TBARS; ≈SOD; ≈GPX; ≈Zn | ↑ MDA | [20] | |
| Control n = 36 Depression n = 18 |
Urine | ↑ F2 isoprostanes | [21] | ||
| Control n = 30 Depression n = 60 |
Whole-blood | ↓ SOD; ↓ GPX; ↑ adenosine deaminase | [22] | ||
| Control n = 40 Depression n =30 |
Plasma | ↓ GSH; ↓ RGSH; ↓ CAT; ↓ SOD; ≈GPX | [23] | ||
| Control n = 20 Depression n = 58 |
Serum | ≈ SOD; ≈ CAT; ↓ GPX | [24] | ||
| Control n = 22 Depression n =55 |
Serum | ↑ TBARS | [25] | ||
| Control n = 35 Depression n = 73 |
Serum | ↑ TBARS | [26] | ||
| Control n = 16 Depression n = 16 |
Human dermal fibroblast cultures | ↑ PC; ↑ RGSH | [27] | ||
| Control n = 20 Depression n = 20 |
Plasma | ≈8-iso-PGF2a, (+) correlation with IL-6 (–) correlation with IL-10 |
[28] | ||
| Control n = 13 Depression n = 51 (‘high-risk’, n = 15, ‘ultra-high-risk’, n = 20, mixed or manic symptoms that received, n = 16) |
Serum | ↓ LPH | [29] | ||
| Control n = 612 Depression n = 2833 (depressive = 1619, remitted = 610, anxiety = 604) |
Plasma | ↓ 8-OHdG; ≈F2-isoprostanes | [30] | ||
| Control n = 27 Depression n = 22 |
Serum | ↑ PC; ↑ NADPH oxidase; ≈CAT; ≈SOD; ≈GPX | [31] | ||
| Control n = 10 Depression n = 14 |
RBC | ≈SOD1; ≈SOD2; ↑ NADPH oxidase; ↑ ROS + RNS | ≈ oxidized LDL | [32] | |
| Depression = 39 Control = 31 |
Brain | ↓ GSH | [33] | ||
| Depression = 19 Control = 8 |
Brain | ↓ OCC; ↓ GSH, | [34] | ||
| Control n = 94 Depression n = 55 |
Serum | ↑ PC; ≈TBARS | [35] |
↑—Increased concentration or activity in comparison to the control (healthy) group; ↓—decreased or inhibited concentration or activity in comparison to the control (healthy) group; ≈ no differences in comparison to the control (healthy) group; 8-iso-PGF2a—F2alphaisoprostanes; IL-6—intreleukin 6; IL-10—interleukin 10; 8-OHdG—8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine; LDL-chol-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; F2 isoprostanes—2,3-dinor-5,6-dihydro-15; GSH—glutathione; SOD -superoxide dismutase; CAT—catalase; LPH—lipid hydroperoxides; MDA—malondialdehyde; GST—GSH-transferase; GPX—glutathione peroxidase; PC—protein carbonylation; TBARS—thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; RGSH—reduced glutathione; ROS + RNS—reactive oxygen species + reactive nitrogen species; OCC—occipital cingulate cortex; NADPH—nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; LPH—lipid hydroperoxides.