Table 3.

The effect of polyphenols on oxidative stress in depression—review of studies on laboratory animals.

Polyphenols	Animal Species	Target Sites	Antioxidant Factor	Oxidative Stress Parameters	Inflammation Parameters	Ref.
Curcumin	Sprague- Dawley rats	Hippocampus Serum	CUMS	↓ NOx2; ↓ 4-HNE; ↓ MDA; ↑ CAT		[150]
Curcumin	Rats	Brain	Intracerebroventricular injection of propanoic acid to induce autistic behavior	↓ TBARS; ↑ CAT; ↑ SOD; ↑ GSH		[151]
Curcumin	Male Wistar rats	The cortex and hippocampus	Reserpine treated	↓ MAO		[152]
Curcumin	Male mice	Hippocampus, frontal cortex, amygdala	Regular ICR	↓ MAO-A		[153]
Curcumin	Male rats	Brain	LPS administration		↓COX-2	[154]
Curcumin	Female albino rats	Serum	OVX	↓ MAO-B; ↑ tyrosine Hydroxylase; ↓ NO; ↑ TAC; ↓ MDA	↓IL-1β; ↓IL-6	[155]
Curcumin	Male Swiss mice	Brain	CUMS	↑ CAT		[156]
Chrysin	Mice	Brain	Male young and aged Swiss Albino mice were kept in groups during aging	↑ SOD; ↑ CAT; ↑ GPX in PFC and hippocampus		[157]
Chrysin	Male rats	Heart	Induced acute cardiotoxicity triggered by doxorubicin	↑ GHS; ↑ CAT; ↑ SOD		[158]
Chrysin	Male Swiss mice	Brain	The neurotoxicity elicited by aluminium chloride	↓ LPO; ↑ SOD; ↑ CAT in cortex and hippocampus; ↓ ROS in neuronal SH-SY5Y and microglial THP-1 cells in vitro		[159]
Hypericin	Wistar rats	Brain	Chronic psychosocial stress		↓BDNF	[160]
Dimethyl fumarate	Male Wistar rats	Testicular Serum	CUMS	↓ MDA; ↑ GSH; ↑ TAC		[45]
Dimethyl fumarate and resveratrol	Wistar rats	Brain Serum	CUMS	↓ MDA ↑ TAC; ↑ GSH	↑BDNF	[161]
Resveratrol	Male Wistar rats	Plasma	CUMS	↑ TAC; ↑ GSH	↑ TNF-α; ↑ IL-6; ↑ CRP	[162]
Hesperidin	Male Sprague- Dawley rats	Brain	CUMS	↓ MDA; ↓ nitrite;↑ GSH; ↑ CAT, ↓ NOS;	↓ TNF-α; ↑ IL-1β; ↓ COX-2	[163]
Baicalin	Male Sprague- Dawley rats	Brain	CUMS	↑ SOD; ↓ MDA; ↑ Bcl-2 protein; ↓ Bax	↓ IL-1β; ↓ caspase-3 proteins; ↑ BDNF	[164]
Catechins	Sprague- Dawley rats	Brain	CUMS	↑ CAT; ↑ SOD; ↑ GSH		[165]
Hesperidin	Male mice	Serum	LPS		↓ IL-1β; ↓ IL-6; ↓ TNF-α	[166]
Quercetin	Male Swiss albino mice	Brain, plasma	CUMS	↑ GSH; ↑ SOD;↑ CAT	↓ IL-1β; ↓ TNF-α	[167]
Quercetin	Swiss albino mice	Brain, plasma	CUS	↑ total thiol; ↑ CAT; ↓ TBARS; ↓ NOS;	↓ IL-1β; ↓ IL-6; ↓ TNF-α; ↓ COX-2	[168]
Quercetin	Male Sprague-Dawley rats	Serum	CUMS	↑ SOD; ↑ CAT; ↑ GSH; ↑ GPX; ↓ MAO	↓ IL-1β; ↓ TNF-α	[169]
Quercetin	Male Wistar rats	Brain	CUMS	↓ MDA; ↓ nitrite; ↑ GSH; ↑ SOD	↓ TNF-α; ↓ IL-6; ↓ iNOS	[170]
Ferulic acid	Male mice	Brain	Reserpine	↑ SOD; ↑ GSH; ↓ nitrite; ↓ LPO	↓ IL-1β; ↓ TNF-α	[171]
Salvianolic acid B	Male albino Wistar rats	Brain	CMS	↑ CAT; ↑ SOD; ↑ GPX, ↓ MDA	↓ IL-6; ↓ IL-1β; ↓ TNF-α; ↓ NLRP3	[172]
Resveratrol	Male Wistar rats	Plasma	CUMS	↑ TAC; ↑ GSH	↑ TNF-α; ↑ IL-Iβ; ↑ CRP	[162]
Ginsenoside	Mice	Brain	Behavioral tests (forced swimming, tail suspension)	↑ SOD		[173]
Apocynum venetum leaf extract	Wistar rats	Hippocampus, serum	CUMS	↓ ROS; ↓ MDA; ↑ SOD; ↑ CAT; ↑GPX;	↓ Bcl-2/Bax; ↑ BDNF	[174]
Hemerocallis citrina Baroni	Sprague- Dawley rats	Brain	CUMS	↓ MDA	↑ BDNF	[175]
Silybum marianum (silymarin)	Swiss albino mice	Brain	Acute restraint stress induced by immobilizing	↓ MDA; ↑ SOD; ↑ CAT; ↑ GSH		[176]
Silybum marianum (silymarin)	Wistar rats	Brain	Olfactory bulbectomized technique	↓ MDA	↑ BDNF	[177]
Resveratrol	Sprague- Dawley rats	Brain	CUMS	↓ MDA; ↑ SOD; ↑ CAT; ↑ GSH		[178]
Jasminum sambac (Jasmine tea)	Sprague- Dawley rats	Brain	CUMS	↑ GLP-1	↑ BDNF	[179]
Tea polyphenols	Mice	Brain	CUMS	↓ MDA; ↑ SOD; ↑ CAT; ↑ GSH		[180]
Okra seeds (catechin and quercetin derivatives)	Mice	Brain	Behavioral tests (open field, tail suspension, forced swimming, novelty suppressed feeding	↓ MDA; ↑ TAC; ↑ SOD		[181]

↑—increased concentration or activity compared to the treated group; ↓—decreased or inhibited concentration or activity compared to the treated group; 4-HNE—4-hydroxynonenal; Bcl-2—B-cell lymphoma 2; Bax—Bcl-2-associated X protein; BDNF—Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CAT—catalase; COX-2—cyclooxygenase; CRP—C-reactive protein; CUMS—chronic unpredictable mild stress; CUS—chronic unpredictable stress; CMS—chronic mild stress; GLP-1—glucacon-like peptide 1; GSH—glutathione; GPX—glutathione peroxidase; IL-1β—interleukin 1β; IL-6—interleukin 6; iNOS—inducible nitric oxide synthase; LPS—lipopolysaccharide; MAO—monoamine oxidase; MAO–A—monoamine oxidase A; MAO-B—monoamine oxidase B; NOx—index of nitrite/nitrate; LPO—lipid peroxidation; MDA—malondialdehyde; NO—nitric oxide; PFC—prefrontal cortex; ROS—reactive oxygen species; SOD—superoxide dismutase; TBARS—thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TAC—total antioxidant capacity; TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor. THP-1 monocytic cells; SH-SY5Y—the human neuroblastoma cell line; NLRP3—NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3.