Table 3.

Neuropathological processes of the olfactory system in neurodegenerative diseases. Gross anatomy of the nose, the olfactory nerve, and the olfactory bulb, and cellular and molecular neuropathology. (OSN: olfactory sensory neurons, DA: dopaminergic, OT: olfactory tract, PC: piriform cortex, AMG: cortical nucleus of the amygdala, EC: entorhinal cortex, OFC: orbitofrontal cortex.)

Neuropathology hallmarks Olfactory mucosa: β-amyloid aggregates OSN degeneration Occlusion of the foramina α-synuclein aggregates Olfactory bulb: Reduction in bulb volume Tauopathy Diffused β-amyloid aggregates α-synuclein aggregates Increase in DA neurons Axonal loss in OT NFTs and core plaques Olfactory cortices: Tauopathy and α-Synucleinopathy in: OT AMG PC EC OFC