Figure 1.

The complex landscape of cell marker detection in comparative neuroplasticity. (A) The two most used markers for in vivo detection of neuronal immaturity (doublecortin, DCX) and cell division (Ki67 antigen), and the main variables affecting their detection in the brain tissue; Image magnification: 40×. (B) The possible sources of variation can depend on several reasons, including differences linked to the animal species (neuroanatomy, evolutionary choices in the types of neuroplasticity, and intrinsic differences in the expression of cells/markers), and/or technical reasons linked to the procedures of brain sampling and fixation, potentially varying in relation to brain size. (C) Difficulties encountered in cell marker detection increase with increasing brain size and complexity of cognitive abilities (from mice to humans) on the basis of technical and ethical issues.