Table 2.

Phytoconstituents of Moringa and their relevant therapeutic effects.

Plant Part	Compound	Class	Structure	Therapeutic Activity	References
Leaves	Rutin (555.6 µg/g)	Flavonoid		Found to have maximum affinity and interaction towards BRAC-1 gene.	[49,50]
Leaves	Kaempferol (197.6 µg/g)	Flavonoid		Oxidative damage protective activity.	[51]
Leaves	Quercetin (2030.9 µmol/100 g)	Flavonoid		Exerts an excellent effect as anti-diabetic agent.	[52]
Leaves	O coumaric acid (0.536 mg/g)	Phenolic acid		Antioxidant and anti-microbial	[53,54]
Leaves	Myricetin (5.804 mg/g)	Flavonoid		Potential prevention of diabetes mellitus and other diabetic complications	[54]
Leaves	Ellagic acid (0.078 to 0.128 mg/g)	Polyphenol		Prevents viral and bacterial infections, potential antioxidant	[54,55]
Leaves	Ferulic acid (0.078 to 0.128 mg/g)	Phenol		Promising results as anti- cancer, antioxidant, antithrombotic, anti-arrhythmic, and anti-inflammatory.	[54,56]
Leaves	Caffeic acid (0.409 mg/g)	Phenol		Boosts athletic performance, reduces fatigue, helps weight loss, protects against herpes, HIV, cancer.	[54,57]
Leaves	Sinapic acid (trace amount)	Phenol		Cardioprotective, renoprotective, anxiolytic, neuroprotective.	[54,58]
Leaves	Gallic acid (1.034 mg/g)	Phenol		Anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic, anti-oxidant	[54,59]
Leaves	Syringic acid (trace amount)	Phenol		Anti-oxidant, antimicrobial.	[54,60]
Leaves	Isorhamnetin (0.118 mg/g)	Flavonoid		Anti-oxidant	[54,61]
Seeds	Myricetin (5.804 mg/g)	Flavonoid		Potential prevention of diabetes mellitus and other diabetic complications	[54]
Seeds	Glucomoringin	Glucosinolates		Anti-inflammatory, pain relieving, anti-oxidant, antihypertensive.	[62]
Seeds	β-sitosterol	Phytosterol		Anti-inflammatory	[63]
Seeds	Arachidic acid	Fatty acid		Increased breast milk production	[64]
Seeds	Oleic acid (70% w/w)	Fatty acid		Reduces blood pressure and reduces free radical damage to the cell.	[65]
Seeds	Myristic acid	Fatty acid		Anxiolytic effect, used in membrane localization of the enzyme.	[66]
Seeds	Palmitic acid	Fatty acid		Trypanocidal and anti-leukemic effect	[67]
Seeds	Procyaniadin	Flavonoid		Cardioprotective	[68]
Flower	D-mannose	Carbohydrate		Treatment of deficiency caused by genetic defects, and acute urinary tract infections.	[69]
Stem	β-sitosterol	Phytosterol		Anti-oxidant, cardiovascular, immunomodulatory	[63]