Table 3.

Phytopharmaceutical formulations prepared using M. oleifera extract.

Plant Part Used	Nature of Extract	Formulation	Method of Preparation and Polymers/Excipients Used	Application	Inference	References
Leaves	Ethyl acetate	Polyherbal formulation	Suspending method (carboxy methyl cellulose)	Anti-ulcer	The potent anti-ulcer activity was observed in polyherbal formulations.	[121]
Leaves	Aqueous/methanolic	Polyherbal ointments	Water in oil mixing (wool fat, hard paraffin, cetostearyl alcohol, PEG4000, PEG400, sorbitol mono-oleate, liquid paraffin, white beeswax, span 60, tween 60)	Edema	The methanolic extract had a more anti-inflammatory effect than the aqueous extract. Apart from potent anti-inflammatory activity, the -miscible base ointment showed good drug diffusion.	[122]
Seed	Oil	Micro-dispersion	Vortexing (Span 80, tween 80)	Anti-inflammatory	Showed higher permeation rather than pure oil. Tween 80 enhances the permeation.	[123]
Leaves	Ethanolic	Lozenges	Wet granulation (Polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, magnesium stearate, menthol, vanillin)	Anti-microbial activity	Flavoring agents gave better acceptance for the consumer than formulation with no addition of flavoring agent. Due to limited solubility of quercetin in aq. phase, only 40–50% of quercetin is released.	[124]
Seed	Oil	Nano-micelle	Microemulsion method (Tween 80, Ethanol)	Mitochondrial cancer cell apoptosis	Targetability increases when seed oil is formulated in nano-micelle. Nanomicelles kill 50% colon cancerous Caco-2 cells compared to seed oil which kills only 40% of cancer cells.	[125]
Leaves + fruits (Embelia ribes)	Hydro-alcoholic	Thermo-reversible in-situ nasal gel	Cold method (poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG400), Pluronic F127, xanthum gum, carbopol 934), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K4M).	Allergic rhinitis	On increasing PF127 concentration, the viscosity of in-situ gel increases. PF127 exhibited less mucoadhesion as compared to HPMC/carbopol/xanthan gum. Plant in situ gel was formulated to overcome low bioavailability and first-pass metabolism.	[126]
Leaves	Aqueous, ethanolic	Film dressing	Solvent casting method (Alginate, pectin)	Wound healing	Aq. leaf extracts showed effective results in cell proliferation and migration properties. Optimal physicochemical properties were exhibited by the extract.	[127]
Leaves	Ethanolic	Effervescent tablets	Wet granulation (70% ethanol, lactose, citric acid, tartaric acid, sodium bicarbonate, aspartame, PEG600)	Anti-anemia	The effervescent times of all formulations were less than 2 min, and thus all lie within the range mentioned in the pharmacopoeia standard.	[128]
Seed	Oil	Anti-inflammatory cream	Triturating process (Oleic acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, liquid ammonia, sodium benzoate).	Anti-inflammatory	Optimized formulation showed 60% inhibition, whereas the standard inhibited 65% protein denaturation. Oil reduced paw edema by 64%, whereas formulation reduced it by 70%.	[129]
Leaves		Silver NPs (AgNPs)	Shaking method (Silver nitrate)	Anti-fungal activity	ZOI increases with an increase in the concentration of AgNPs against Candida albicans. The agar plate distributed with the highest concentration of AgNPs exhibited lowest cultural population.	[130]
Leaves	Aqueous	Hydrocolloid film dressing	Solvent casting method (sodium alginate, pectin)	Wound healing in diabetic condition	Hydrocolloid dressing is free of any irritants or toxic substances. 0.5% and 0.1 % film dressing converts to gel after being exposed to wounds compared to 1% due to rapid gelation.	[131]
Leaves	Hydro-alcoholic	In-situ gel	Cold technique (Pluronic F127, gellan gum, glycerine, Carbopol 934)	Allergic rhinitis	Dose-dependent results of the prepared formulation were seen in mice induced with ova albumin along with a significant decrease in Ig E levels.	[132]
Leaves	Aqueous	Nanofibers impregnated onto Hydrocolloid film	Electrospinning (poly-(ethylene oxide) (PEO), sodium alginate, pectin, glycerol)	Chronic Wound dressing	PEO concentrations and nanofiber diameter were directly proportional. Polymers in low concentration lead to poor entanglement of chain and produce beads or lumps of nanofibers and also form discontinuous fibers. At very high concentrations, the electrospinning stainless needle gets blocked, and polymer ejection gets obstructed. Electrospinning time increases, and the release of bioactive from film increases.	[133]
Leaves	Aqueous/Ethanolic	Silver nanoparticle loaded Composites	Sodium hypophosphite, silver nitrate, citric acid, Kaolin (clay), Chitosan (LMW), sodium carbonate.	Anti-oxidant	Ethanolic extract proved to be a better composite as compared to aqueous extract. ZOI is higher with alcoholic extract than the aqueous extract. Fabrics with AgNPs composites showed excellent UV protection than clay composites.	[134]
Leaves	Hydro-alcoholic	Polymeric microparticles (MPs)	Spray dried method (Chitosan)	Exuding wound treatment	Decreasing the extract amount increases the entrapment efficiency. Unloaded MPs have wrinkled surfaces, whereas extract-loaded MPs have spherical and smooth surface. The gel produces a covering layer that protects the wound because of chitosan.	[135]
Leaves	Aqueous	Iron oxide nanorods	Mixing method (Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate)	Anti-bacterial property	Nanoparticles formed showed concentration-dependent inhibition. Iron nanorods showed strong inhibition towards bacterial strain compared to conventional anti-bacterial drugs.	[136]
Seed	Oil	Suppositories	Pour molding method (Macrogol, dika fat, liquid paraffin, Polyethylene glycol 1000 & 4000, petroleum ether)	Hemorrhoids	Suppositories containing Moringa seed oil showed effective results against hemorrhoids. The incorporation of seed oil in suppositories reduced their melting point.	[137]
Leaves	Ethanolic	Oral suspension	Stirring method (Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, propylene glycol, benzoate, sorbitol)	Hepato-protection against Isoniazid	Viscosity increases as the concentration of suspending material increases.	[138]
Leaves	Ethanolic	Granules	Wet granulation method (Gum Arabic, HPMC, Methocel K100M CR, magnesium stearate, Avicel PH200, tween 20, 40, 80, span 20, 40, Poloxamer 407, sodium lauryl sulphate)	Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic	Tween 20 improved dissolution as compared to extract. Granule formation increases the solubility of M. oleifera extract, thereby effectively reducing paw thickness. Body weight reduced at first six days and later increased significantly due to gum arabica.	[139]
Leaves	Powder	Chewable gummy tablets (CGT)	Heating and Congealing (Gelatin, high methoxyl pectin, mannitol, sucrose, propylene glycol, citric acid, corn oil, sodium benzoate)	Evaluation of Chewable gummy tablets	Pectin produced CGT with a higher swelling ratio compared to gelatin. Higher pectin and gelatin concentrations strengthened the gel structure, and the dissolution time increased CGT. Pectin-based CGT’s did not show syneresis, whereas CGT’s with 5% gelatin experienced syneresis. Higher hardness values are due to increased gelatin concentration. Pectin-based CGT had higher gumminess.	[140]
Seeds	n-hexane	Herbal hydrogel	Mixing method (Carbopol, propylparaben sodium, methylparaben sodium, propylene glycol, triethanolamine)	Wound healing	M. oleifera hydrogel showed significant wound-healing activity. Hydrogel positively affects the proliferation of cells, granular tissue formation, and epithelization.	[141]
Leaves	Aqueous	Phytosome	Thin-layer hydration method (soy phosphatidylcholine, TrizolTM)	Breast cancer	A dose less than 2000 mg/kg showed better in vivo assessment. Inhibition of 4T1 cells is dose-dependent.	[142]
Leaves	Ethanolic	Emulgel	Dissolving method (Carbopol 940, triethanolamine Tween 80)	Anti-oxidant activity	After eight weeks of storage, decreased in the pH of preparation as Moringa leaves experience decomposition of fatty acid.	[143]