Figure 3.

Useful scaffold 3D culture features in tumor metabolism study. Schematic representations of 3D-matrix-embedded scaffold co-culture of Hela cells and fibroblasts (A) and “gut on a chip” culture in a microfluidic device (B). Oxygen, nutrient, waste products, and growth factors gradients are indicated; color opacity and triangle width indicate high concentration. Cell types are indicated within each scheme legend. Solid arrows represent direct effects; discontinued arrows indicate indirect effects. EMT, epithelial mesenchymal transition; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.