Table 1.
Discrepancy between 3D vs. 2D Culture | 3D Culture Technique | Cancer Type | Related Hallmark of Cancer Metabolism | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Increased glycolysis upstream metabolites and TCA | 3D silica scaffolds (CellBed®) | Prostate Bladder |
Deregulated uptake of glucose and amino acids Use of carbon metabolism to support biosynthesis |
[42] |
HIF1a stabilization increases ATP production and sustains NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratio | Organoids | Ovarian | Deregulated uptake of glucose and amino acids Increased demand of electron acceptors Elevated reliance on oxidative stress protection mechanisms |
[44] |
Spheroids | Ovarian Breast Colon Liver |
[45,46,47,48] | ||
3D bioprinting | Breast Colon |
[49,50] | ||
Magnetic 3D bioprinted spheroids | Pancreatic Lung |
[51] | ||
Increased amino acid production | 3D silica scaffolds (CellBed®) | Prostate Bladder |
Deregulated uptake of glucose and amino acids Use of carbon metabolism to support biosynthesis Increased demand for nitrogen Increased demand of electron acceptors Elevated reliance on oxidative stress protection mechanisms |
[42] |
Increased glutamate synthesis from glutamine | 3D scaffolds (SeedEZ™) | Head and neck | Increased demand for nitrogen Increased demand of electron acceptors Elevated reliance on oxidative stress protection mechanisms |
[52] |
Increased amino acid acquisition and biosynthesis | Organotypic cultures | Colorectal Lung Breast Ovarian |
Deregulated uptake of glucose and amino acids Use of carbon metabolism to support biosynthesis Increased demand for nitrogen |
[43] |
Increased interconnexion between TCA, urea cycle, amino acids, and pyruvate synthesis | Organotypic cultures | Colorectal Lung Breast Ovarian |
Use of carbon metabolism to support biosynthesis Increased demand for nitrogen |
[43] |
Reduced dependence on glutamine acquisition | Organotypic cultures | Colorectal Lung Breast Ovarian |
Deregulated uptake of glucose and amino acids Use of carbon metabolism to support biosynthesis Increased demand for nitrogen |
[43] |
Increased dependence on mTORC1 activation | Microwell chip | Bladder | Use of carbon metabolism to support biosynthesis | [53] |
Spheroids | Ovarian Gastric |
[54,55] | ||
Autophagy employment as survival strategy | 3D culture basement membrane extracts reduced growth factor (Cultrex) | Breast | Use of opportunistic models of nutrient acquisition Elevated reliance on oxidative stress protection mechanisms |
[56] |
Culture in low attachment plates | Prostate | [57] | ||
Use of macropinocytosis as a nutrient acquisition strategy | Spheroids | Womb Epidermoid carcinoma |
Use of opportunistic models of nutrient acquisition | [58] |
Use of entosis as a nutrient acquisition strategy | Organoid | Ovary Colon |
Use of opportunistic models of nutrient acquisition Increased demand of electron acceptors |
[44,59] |
Spheroids | Ovary Colon Breast Liver |
[45,46,47,48] | ||
3D bioprinting | Colon Breast Lung Pancreatic |
[49,50,51] | ||
Alterations in the metabolic profile as a response to the hypoxia-induced redox stress | 3D silica scaffolds (CellBed®) | Prostate Bladder |
Increased demand of electron acceptors Elevated reliance on oxidative stress protection mechanisms |
[42] |
Organoids | Ovarian Colon |
[44,54,60] | ||
Spheroids | Ovarian | [45,61] | ||
3D bioprinting | Lung Pancreatic Colon |
[48,49] | ||
Reutilization of nitrogen from urea cycle | Spheroids | Pancreatic | Increased demand for nitrogen | [62] |
Organoids | Breast | [63] | ||
Collagen composition of extracellular matrix increases cancer cell invasiveness | 3D collagen microchannels | Pancreatic | Heterogeneity of metabolic adaptations Metabolic interactions with the tumour microenvironment |
[64] |
Spheroids | Breast | [65] | ||
Nutritional support by other cell populations | Microfluidic device and scaffolds 3D scaffolds |
Pancreatic Prostate |
Heterogeneity of metabolic adaptations Metabolic interactions with the tumour microenvironment |
[39,41] |