Table 1. Evaluated basic emotion models in our study.
We took the mappings of Darwin (3) from Matsumoto (10). Both the “reference configuration” (ref.) and the “international core pattern” (ICP) from Cordaro et al. (6) are included. The + symbol means that AUs occur together. AUs following a comma represent optional AUs. The ∨ symbol represents “or,” so, e.g., (25 ∨ 26) means that either AU25 or AU26 may be included in the configuration. When multiple configurations are explicitly proposed for a given emotion (i.e., a “many-to-one” mapping), they are represented as separate bullet points. For the Jack et al. (11) model, only AUs included in >50% of the participants are listed.
| Emotion category | Darwin [1872; (3)] | Friesen and Ekman [1978;(5)] | Matsumoto et al. [2008; (10)] | Cordaro et al. [2018; ref. (6)] | Cordaro et al. [2018; ICP (6)] | Keltner et al. [2019; (7)] | Jack et al. [2014; (11)] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anger | 4 + 5 + 24 + 38 | • 4 + 5 + 7 + 10 + 22 + 23 + (25 ∨ 26) | 4 + (5 ∨ 7) + 22 + 23 + 24 | 4 + 5 + 7 + 23 | 4 + 7 | 4 + 5 + 17 + 23 + 24 | 9 + 10 + 16 + 22 |
| • 4 + 5 + 7 + 10 + 23 + (25 ∨ 26) | |||||||
| • 4 + 5 + 7 + 17 + (23 ∨ 24) | |||||||
| • 4 + 5 + 7 + (23 ∨ 24) | |||||||
| • 4 + (5 ∨ 7) | |||||||
| • 17 + 24 | |||||||
| Disgust | 10 + 16 + 22 + 25 + 26 | • (9 ∨ 10) + 17 | (9 ∨ 10), (25 ∨ 26) |
9 + 15 + 16 | 4 + 6 + 7 + 9 + 10 + 25 + (26 ∨ 27) | 7 + 9 + 19 + 25 + 26 | 9 + 10 + 11 + 43 |
| • (9 ∨ 10) | |||||||
| • (9 ∨ 10) + 16 + (25 ∨ 26) | |||||||
| Fear | 1 + 2 + 5 + 20 | • 1 + 2 + 4 | 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 20, (25 ∨ 26) | 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 20 + 25 + 26 | 1 + 2 + 5 + 7 + 25 + (26 ∨ 27) | 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 20 + 25 | 4 + 5 + 20 |
| • 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 20 + (25 ∨ 26 ∨ 27) | |||||||
| • 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + (25 ∨ 26 ∨ 27) | |||||||
| • 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 | |||||||
| • 1 + 2 + 5 + (25 ∨ 26 ∨ 27) | |||||||
| • 5 + 20 + (25 ∨ 26 ∨ 27) | |||||||
| • 5 + 20 | |||||||
| • 20 | |||||||
| Happy | 6 + 12 | • 12 | 6 + 12 | 6 + 12 | 6 + 7 + 12 + 16 + 25 + (26 ∨ 27) | 6 + 7 + 12 + 25 + 26 | 6 + 12 + 13 + 14 + 25 |
| • 6 + 12 | |||||||
| Sadness | 1 + 15 | • 1 + 4 | 1 + 15, 4, 17 | 1 + 4 + 5 | 4 + 43 | 1 + 4 + 6 + 15 + 17 | 4 + 15 + 17 + 24 + 43 |
| • 1 + 4 + (11 ∨ 15) | |||||||
| • 1 + 4 + 15 + 17 | |||||||
| • 6 + 15 | |||||||
| • 11 + 17 | |||||||
| • 1 | |||||||
| Surprise | 1 + 2 + 5 + 25 + 26 | • 1 + 2 + 5 + (26 ∨ 27) | 1 + 2 + 5 + (25 ∨ 26) | 1 + 2 + 5 + 26 | 1 + 2 + 5 + 25 + (26 ∨ 27) | 1 + 2 + 5 + 25 + 26 | 1 + 2 + 5 + 26 + 27 |
| • 1 + 2 + 5 | |||||||
| • 1 + 2 + (26 ∨ 27) | |||||||
| • 5 + (26 ∨ 27) |