Table 1. Comparison between the performance of electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution and CO₂R.

These catalysts requiring low overpotentials may be suitable for PEC systems. J_prod, partial current density; FE, faradaic efficiency toward the desired product.

Catalyst	Performance at Jprod = 0.5 mA cm−2		Performance at Jprod = 1.0 mA cm−2		Electrolyte	Stability (hours)	Reference
	E (V versus RHE)	FE (%)	E (V versus RHE)	FE (%)
Oxygen evolution (O2)
Fe-Mn-O nanosheet	1.42		1.44		1 M KOH	2500 cycles	(192)
Single Co on TiO2	1.52		1.54		1 M KOH	42	(193)
MoS2/Co9S8/Ni3S2/Ni	1.27		1.28		1 M KOH	24	(194)
Mn-doped RuO2	1.32		1.34		1 M H2SO4	5.6	(195)
Amorphous IrOx	1.41		1.42		1 M H2SO4	24	(196)
CO2 ➔ CO
Oxide-derived Au	−0.27	77	−0.29	83	0.5 M NaHCO3	8	(197)
Single Fe3+ on N-doped carbon	−0.27	83	−0.29	85	0.5 M KHCO3	12	(198)
Au nanoneedles	−0.23	69	−0.24	75	0.5 M KHCO3	8	(199)
Au-NOLI	−0.37	74	−0.41	93	0.1 M KHCO3	8	(200)
CO2 ➔ HCOO−
B-doped Bi	−0.4	54	−0.44	67	0.1 M KHCO3	13	(201)
Partially oxidized Co atomic layers	−0.18	22	−0.19	30	0.1 M Na2SO4	12	(198)
Single-atom Pb on Cu	−0.32	78	−0.43	89	0.5 M KHCO3	–	(202)
CO2 ➔ CH3OH
5 nm CoNP on N-doped graphene	−0.1	35	−0.15	53	0.1 M NaHCO3	10	(203)
Pd/SnO2 nanosheet	−0.18	45	–		0.1 M NaHCO3	25	(204)
CO2 ➔ C2H5OH
Dense Cu nanowires	−0.58	9	−0.62	13	0.1 M KHCO3	1	(205)
Amorphous CuTi alloy	−0.50	9	−0.60	12	0.1 M KHCO3	3 months	(206)
CoO on N-doped carbon	−0.32	55	−0.37	61	0.5 M KHCO3	5.5	(207)
CO2 ➔ C2H4
CuO nanoplates	−0.45	16	−0.50	25	0.5 M KCl	24	(208)
O2 plasma Cu	−0.63	13	−0.67	12	0.1 M KHCO3	5	(209)
Cu nanoparticle ensemble	−0.66	11	−0.69	16	0.1 M CsHCO3	10	(210)