Table 3. Comparison between the performance of nanowire PEC systems for unassisted solar fuel production.

Structure	J (mA cm−2)	FE (%)	Product	STF (%)	Stability (hours)	Conditions	Reference
Photochemical diodes
Si/TiO2 nanotree			H2, O2	0.12	4.5	1.5 sun, 0.5 M H2SO4	(35)
Ru/Rh-SrTiO3–BiVO4 mesh			H2, O2	0.0017	18	450 W Xe lamp, λ ≥ 400 nm, H2SO4, pH 3.5	(34)
Double-band p-GaN/p-In0.2Ga0.8N			H2, O2	~1.8 (H2)	10	~26 sun, H2O, pH ~7.0	(159)
Wired PEC
InP-BiVO4 (side by side)	0.41 ± 0.02		H2, O2	0.5	0.75	1 sun, 1 M KPi, pH 7	(94)
p-Si nanoarray|Pt-Mo:BiVO4|CoPi	0.46	100*	H2, O2	0.57	3.5	1 sun, 0.1 M KPi, pH 5.5	(156)
Au|Cu2O|Ga2O3|TiO2|RuOx-BiVO4|CoPi	~2.4	~100	H2, O2	~3	12	1 sun, 0.2 M KBi, pH 9.0	(77)
Biophotochemical diodes
Si/S. ovata–TiO2	0.35	86 ± 9	CH3COOH, O2	0.38	130	1 sun, 20% CO2/80% N2 purged, brackish H2O, pH 6.3 to 6.7	(72)
		52	PHB	0.2		(+E. coli)
Si/S. ovata–Si multi-jn PV–Pt	~0.65	~80	CH3COOH	~3.6	168	0.25 sun, 20% CO2/80% N2 purged, phosphate-enhanced medium, pH 6.4	(161)

*Assumed.