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. 2023 Jan 31;24(3):2684. doi: 10.3390/ijms24032684

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Hypothalamic neurocircuitry by which leptin increases SNA and activates the HPT axis. NPY: Neuropeptide Y; POMC: Pro-opiomelanocortin; ArcN: Arcuate nucleus; PVN: Paraventricular nucleus; TRH: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone; TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone; TH: Thyroid hormone; OT: Oxytocin; EE: Energy expenditure; BAT SNA: Brown adipose tissue sympathetic nerve activity; RVLM: Rostral ventrolateral medulla; RPa: Raphe pallidus; DMH: Dorsomedial hypothalamus. Green arrows: stimulatory; red arrows: inhibitory. See text for description and details.