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. 2023 Jan 26;24(3):2429. doi: 10.3390/ijms24032429

Table 4.

Attenuation of endothelial cell apoptosis.

Monoterpene Experimental Model Efficacy Target/Pathway Refs.
Catalpol HUVECs treated with H2O2 Attenuates H2O2-induced apoptosis in HUVECs Activates PI3K/AKT pathway, decreases Bax and cleaved Caspase-3, and increases Bcl-2 and p-Bad [109]
Human aortic endothelial cells treated with homocysteine Protects against endothelial apoptosis induced by homocysteine Inhibits ER stress-mediated apoptosis, enhances Bcl-2 and mitochondrial membrane potential, and reduces Bax, cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9 and cytochrome c release [66]
Paeoniflorin HUVECs treated with ox-LDL Attenuates ox-LDL-induced apoptosis in HUVECs Enhances autophagy via upregulation of SIRT1, decreases Bax, and increases Bcl-2 [64]
HUVECs treated with TBHP Suppresses apoptosis in HUVECs mediated by TBHP Activates Nrf2/HO-1 signaling, decreases Bax, cleaved Caspase-3 and cytochrome c release, and increases Bcl-2 [90]
HUVECs treated with H2O2 Protects against HUVEC apoptosis induced by H2O2 Suppresses ERK signaling and Caspase-3 activity [89]
Geniposide HUVECs treated with ox-LDL Inhibits apoptosis in HUVECs subjected to ox-LDL Modulates the miR-21/PTEN pathway, decreases Bax and Caspase-3 activity, and increases Bcl-2 and mitochondrial membrane potential [67]
ApoE−/− mice fed with HFD and HUVECs treated with H2O2 Inhibits the growth of atherosclerosis and ameliorates H2O2-induced apoptosis in HUVECs Modulates AMPK/mTOR/Nrf2 pathway, decreases Bax and Caspase-3, and increases Bcl-2 [68]
Picroside II HUVECs treated with homocysteine Protects against endothelial apoptosis induced by homocysteine Modulates SIRT1/LOX-1 pathway, and reduces cleaved Caspase-3 as well as Caspase-3 activity [76]
Monotropein HUVECs treated with H2O2 Attenuates H2O2-induced apoptosis in HUVECs Attenuates NF-κB/AP-1 signaling, decreases Bax and cleaved Caspase-3, increases Bcl-2 [77]
Albiflorin HUVECs treated with ox-LDL Alleviates ox-LDL-induced apoptosis in HUVECs Blocks IRAK1/TAK1 pathway, and decreases Bax and Caspase-3 [78]
Harpagoside bEnd.3 endothelial cells treated with Ang II Suppresses Ang II-induced apoptosis in HUVECs Keeps Bax/Bcl-2 balance, decreases cytochrome c release, and inactivates caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 [83]
Safranal Bovine aortic endothelial cells treated with H2O2 Suppresses H2O2-induced endothelial apoptosis Modulates MAPK signaling, decreases Caspase-3 and cytochrome c release, and increases Bcl-2 and survivin [97]