Table 7.

Modulation of VSMC proliferation and migration and inhibition of dendritic cell maturation.

Monoterpene	Experimental Model	Efficacy	Target/Pathway	Refs.
Linalool	Rat aortic VSMCs (A7r5) treated with Ang II	Inhibits Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation and migration	Suppresses CHRM3-mediated p38 MAPK/JNK/ERK signaling	[208]
Carvacrol	Rat aortic VSMCs treated with PDGF-BB	Inhibits VSMC proliferation and migration and attenuates atherosclerotic neointima formation	Suppresses ROS-mediated p38 MAPK/ERK signaling	[209]
	Mouse splenic dendritic cells	Inhibits dendritic cell maturation and adaptive immunity	Suppresses CD40	[217]
Hinokitiol	Rat aortic VSMCs treated with PDGF-BB	Inhibits the PDGF-BB-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs	Suppresses JNK and PLC-γ1 and induces p27kip1 expression	[215]
Thymoquinone	Rat aortic VSMCs treated with Ang II or PDGF-BB	Inhibits VSMC proliferation, migration, and neointimal formation and promotes VSMC apoptosis	Promotes AMPK/PPARγ/PGC-1α and inhibits p38 MAPK and MMP-2	[211,212]
	BMDCs treated with LPS	Inhibits maturation, cytokine release and survival of dendritic cells	Suppresses CD11c, CD86, MHCII, CD54, and CD40 and reduces PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling	[218]
Genipin	Rat aortic VSMCs treated with TNF-α	Inhibits TNF-α-induced VSMC proliferation and migration	Suppresses ERK and AKT signaling via upregulating HO-1 expression	[214]
Paeoniflorin	Rat aortic VSMCs treated with ox-LDL or PDGF-BB	Inhibits VSMCs proliferation, migration and inflammation	Activates HO-1 and then inhibits ROS-mediated p38 MAPK, ERK and NF-κB pathways	[192,213]
	BMDCs or monocyte-derived dendritic cells treated with LPS	Inhibits dendritic cell function, impairs Th17 cell differentiation, and generates regulatory dendritic cells	Reduces IKK/NF-κB and JNK-mediated IL-6 and costimulatory molecule expression and induces TGF-β/IDO signaling	[219,220]
Oleuropein	Bovine vascular SMCs	Inhibits SMC proliferation with a cell cycle block between the G1 and the S phases	Suppresses ERK signaling	[221]
Plumericin	Rat aortic VSMCs stimulated with serum	Arrested VSMCs in the G1/G0-phase of the cell cycle	Suppresses STAT3 signaling via S-glutathionylation	[216]
Thymol	Mouse splenic dendritic cells	Inhibits dendritic cell maturation and adaptive immunity	Suppresses CD86	[217]
Geniposide	ApoE−/− mice fed with HFD	Attenuates atherosclerosis and inhibits dendritic cell maturation in bone marrow and infiltration into lesions	Suppresses CD11c, CD80, CD86, and CD83 in bone marrow or in atherosclerotic lesions	[222]