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. 2023 Jan 27;24(3):2468. doi: 10.3390/ijms24032468

Figure 1.

Figure 1

A proposed schematic model of the sex determination (SD) pathway in tilapia, based on current knowledge of master key regulators (MKRs) of SD and their effects on estrogen/androgen (E2/11-KT) equilibrium. Identifications of MKRs of SD from different fish species are colored orange and other factors are yellow. The table on the left indicates the RPKM (Reads Per Kilobase of transcript per Million mapped reads) of ovary/testis expression-values of genes in Oreochromis aureus at 30 days post hatching (dph) (BioProject accession number: PRJNA609616). Genes with male and female biased expression values are colored in blue and red, respectively. Arrows (↓) represent up- regulation/production, whereas blocked arrows (⊥) mark down-regulation/production. The green lines represent the SMAD signaling pathway. MKRs of SD without a clear function or relevance to SD in tilapia are not displayed (gdf6, sdY, dmy, sox3, bmpr1bby and zkY) in the figure. However, gdf6 and bmpr1bby are members of the TGF-beta superfamily and may affect SMAD signaling, and thus may have similar functions to those of amh and gsdf. Other undepicted SD MKRs are the sdY gene that interacts with foxl2 in Salmonids, sox3 that regulates gsdf, and zkY with unknown functions. The blue solid line represents the cell membrane.