Table 5.
Expression of chemokine receptors in the brain and other tissues of patients with SZ.
| Research | Analyzed Chemokine Receptors | Sample | Tissue/Cells | Method | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brain tissues | |||||
| Schmitt et al. (2010) [56] | CCR1 | 10 SZ vs. 10 HS | Left superior temporal cortex | Microarray | ↓ |
| Volk et al. (2015) [67] | CXCR4, CXCR7 | 62 SZ vs. 62 HS | PCF (BA 9) | RT–PCR |
CXCR7 ↑ CXCR4 ↑ (trend) |
| Hill et al. (2021) [57] | CX3CR1 | 35 SZ vs. 35 HS | PFC | Western blotting and ddPCR | – (mRNA levels) protein levels were correlated with pre-synaptic protein SNAP-25 levels in SZ |
| Zhang et al. (2020) [68] | CX3CR1 | 35 SZ vs. 34 HS | Anterior cingulate cortex; DLPFC | RT–PCR | – in DLPFC. ↑ in anterior cingulate cortex of SCZ patients without suicide compared to suicide completers. |
| Weissleder et al. (2020) [58] | CXCR4, CXCR7 | 33 SZ vs. 33 HS | Subependymal zone; caudate nucleus | RT–PCR | ↓ |
| Aston et al. (2004) [69] | CX3CR1 | 12 SZ vs. 14 HS | Temporal cortex (BA21) | Microarray | ↓ |
| Li et al. (2016) [70] | CX3CR1 | 10 SZ datasets from GEO-NCBI | Hippocampus and other brain regions | Reanalysis of RNAseq datasets | ↓ in hippocampus – in other brain regions |
| Lanz et al. (2019) [71] | CXCR4 | 19 SZ vs. 19 HS | DLPFC (BA 46), dorsal striatum, and hippocampus | RT–PCR | – downstream signaling genes and CXCL12 (CXCR4 ligand) ↓ in the DLPFC |
| Toritsuka et al. (2013) [59] | CXCR4 | 18 SZ vs. 18 HS | Olfactory neuronal layer | Microarray | – |
| Gandal et al. (2018) [60] | Numerous CC, CXC, C, and CX3C chemokines | 159 SZ vs. 293 HS | Cerebral cortex | Meta- analysis of microarray and RNAsec data |
CCR8, XCR1 ↑ CX3CR1↓ |
| Other tissues and cells | |||||
| Bergon et al. (2015) [72] | CX3CR1 | 29 SZ vs. 31 HS | PBMC | RT–PCR | ↓ |
| Fries et al. (2018) [73] | CX3CR1 | 52 SZ vs. 20 HS | PBMC | Microarray | ↓ |
| Ormel et al. (2020) [74] | CX3CR1, CCR2, CCR5 | 20 SZ vs. 20 HS | Patient-derived microglia-like cells obtained from PBMC | RNAseq and mass cytometry | CX3CR1—(mRNA and protein levels) CCR2, CCR5—(protein levels) |
Abbreviations: BA—Brodmann area, ddPCR—droplet digital polymerase chain reaction, DLPFC—dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, HS—healthy subjects, PBMC—peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PFC—prefrontal cortex, SZ—schizophrenia patients, RNAseq—RNA sequencing, RT–PCR—reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, ↑—statistically significantly increased level, ↓—statistically significantly decreased level, “–”—not significant changes.