Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants.
| Normal | DR | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N, eyes | 29 | 37 | - |
| Age (years) | 68.52 ± 9.94 | 60.30 ± 13.35 | 0.020 * |
| Sex, male (%) | 9 (31.0%) | 16 (43.2%) | 0.310 † |
| DM duration (mon) | 0 | 219.57 ± 130.58 | - |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.60 ± 0.40 | 8.23 ± 1.59 | <0.001 * |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 178.0 ± 33.41 | 191.5 ± 47.56 | 0.2320 ‡ |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 100.1 ± 58.97 | 126.2 ± 55.23 | 0.5336 ‡ |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 50.2 ± 10.78 | 46.4 ± 12.57 | 0.2366 ‡ |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 107.9 ± 29.64 | 117.5 ± 31.54 | 0.1243 ‡ |
| BCVA (logMAR) | 0.19 ± 0.32 | 0.59 ± 0.54 | <0.001 * |
| Height (cm) | 156.17 ± 10.45 | 158.67 ± 9.25 | 0.308 ‡ |
| Weight (kg) | 61.68 ± 14.53 | 68.16 ± 10.93 | 0.043 ‡ |
| WC (cm) | 87.57 ± 11.55 | 94.30 ± 10.53 | 0.016 ‡ |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.00 ±3.63 | 27.04 ± 3.46 | 0.023 ‡ |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (95% confidence interval). Abbreviations: DR, diabetic retinopathy; BCVA, best corrected visual acuity; logMAR, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; WC, waist circumference; BMI, body mass index * Mann–Whitney test; † Chi-square test; ‡ Student’s t-test.