Table 1.
Summary of the included studies and the effect of hydrogel application in SCI.
| Effect on Pathophysiological Events | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author, Year | Location of Injury | Species | Application | Hydrogel (Character) | Anti-Inflammation | Scar/Cavity | Axon Growth | Angiogenesis | Motor Functional Recovery |
| Sun Y, et al., 2019 [33] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Collagen/Chitosan (3D printing) |
NA | + | + | NA | + |
| Marchand R, et al., 1990 [34] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Collagen (Self assembling) |
NA | + | + | NA | NA |
| Khan T, et al., 1991 [35] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Carbon (Filament) |
NA | + | + | NA | NA |
| Liu W, et al., 2020 [36] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Collagen (modified with N-cadherin) |
NA | + | + | NA | + |
| Fan C, et al., 2017 [37] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Collagen (binding with EGFR antibody Fab fragment) |
NA | + | + | NA | + |
| Yang B, et al., 2017 [38] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Agarose/gelatin/polypyrrole (similar conductivity as the spinal cord) |
+ | + | + | NA | + |
| Martín-López E, et al., 2013 [39] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Agarose with κ-carrageenan, gelatin, xanthan gum and polysulfone |
NA | + | + | NA | NA |
| Gros T, et al., 2010 [40] |
Cervical | Rat | Implant | Agarose | NA | + | + | NA | NA |
| Kataoka K, et al., 2004 [41] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Alginate (Freeze-dried sponge ) |
NA | + | + | NA | NA |
| Prang P, et al., 2006 [42] |
Cervical | Rat | Implant | Alginate (Anisotropic capillary) |
NA | + | + | NA | NA |
| Cao Z, et al., 2020 [43] |
Lumbar | Canine | Implant | Fibrin (Hierarchically aligned fibrin hydrogel) |
NA | + | + | NA | + |
| Yin W, et al., 2021 [44] |
Thoracic | Canine | Implant | Collagen (Taxol-modified linear-ordered scaffold) |
NA | + | + | NA | NA |
| Altinova H, et al., 2020 [45] |
Cervical | Rat | Implant | Collagen | NA | + | + | + | NA |
| Gholami M, et al., 2021 [46] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Chitosan/alginate/erythropoietin | + | + | + | NA | NA |
| Stokols S, et al., 2006 [47] |
Cervical | Rat | Implant | Alginate (recombinant BDNF protein) |
NA | + | + | NA | NA |
| Zhang Z, et al., 2017 [48] |
Lumbar | Canine | Implant | Biomaterial-aligned fibrin | + | + | + | NA | + |
| Fukushima K, et al., 2008 [49] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Collagen (Honeycomb) |
NA | NA | + | NA | NA |
| Zhao X, et al., 2022 [50] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Gelatin/hyaluronic acid | + | + | + | NA | + |
| King VR, et al., 2010 [51] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Collagen (viscous fibronectin gel) |
NA | NA | + | NA | NA |
| Cheng H, et al., 2007 [52] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Chitosan | NA | + | + | NA | - |
| Han S, et al., 2018 [53] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Agarose (Matrigel) |
NA | NA | + | NA | + |
| Bakshi A, et al., 2004 [54] |
Cervical | Rat | Implant | Nonbiodegradable hydrogel (pPHEMA) |
+ | + | + | + | NA |
| Zhai H, et al., 2020 [55] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | ADA16 peptide hydrogel | NA | + | + | + | NA |
| Hejčl A, et al., 2018 [56] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | 3 Methacrylate hydrogel | NA | + | + | + | + |
| Zhang Q, et al., 2016 [57] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Silk protein/laminin | NA | + | + | + | + |
| Chai Y, et al., 2022 [58] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Bioactive isoleucine-lysine-valine-alanine-valine | NA | + | + | + | + |
| Yang Y, et al., 2021 [60] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Injectable collagen hydrogel | NA | + | + | NA | + |
| Silva NA, et al., 2010 [59] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Starch/poly-e-caprolactone blend and gellan gum |
+ | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Suzuki H, et al., 2015 [61] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Collagen filaments | NA | + | + | NA | NA |
| Yara T, et al., 2009 [62] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Collagen filaments | NA | + | + | NA | NA |
Note: -, no difference with the control group; +, effective; NA, not available.