Table 3.
Summary of the included studies and the effect of nano-/micro-scale biomaterial scaffolds application in SCI.
| Effect on Pathophysiological Events | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author, Year | Location of Injury | Species | Application | Nanomaterial Scaffold/Material | Anti-Inflammation | Scar/Cavity | Axon Growth | Angiogenesis | Motor Functional Recovery |
| Zamani F, et al., 2014 [89] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | 3D nanofibrous core–sheath scaffold/PLGA | NA | NA | + | + | + |
| Sun X, et al., 2019 [90] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Nano-fibrous channel wall/PLLA | + | + | + | NA | + |
| Cigognini D, et al., 2014 [91] |
Thoracic | Rat | Injected | Nanostructures of two self-assembling peptides B24 and biotin-LDLK12 | NA | NA | + | NA | NA |
| Yao S, et al., 2018 [92] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Hierarchically aligned fibrin nanofiber/Fibrin hydrogel | NA | + | + | + | + |
| Altinova H, et al., 2016 [93] |
Cervical | Rat | Implant | Microstructured scaffold/Collagen | + | + | + | + | + |
| Usmani S, et al., 2020 [94] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Artificial nanotube/Carbon | + | + | + | NA | + |
| Sever-Bahcekapili M, et al., 2020 [95] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Neuroactive peptide nanofibers/ LN-PA, GAG-PA |
NA | + | + | NA | + |
| Zhao T, et al., 2018 [96] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Nanofibrous scaffolds/ PHBV, PLA, Collagen |
NA | + | + | NA | - |
| Chedly JL, et al., 2017 [97] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Microhydrogel scaffold/Chitosan | + | + | + | + | + |
| Cigognini D, et al., 2011 [98] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Nanomaterial SAPs with bone marrow homing motif (BMHP1) | + | + | + | + | + |
| Palejwala AH, et al., 2016 [99] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Poly (3-hydroxybutyrateco- 3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHB-HV) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | - |
| Palejwala AH, et al., 2016 [99] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Nanoscaffolds | NA | + | + | + | NA |
| Pawelec KM, et al., 2018 [100] |
Thoracic | Rat | Implant | Microstructure multi-channel scaffold/PCL | NA | NA | + | NA | NA |
| Milbreta U, 2016 [101] | Cervical | Rat | Implant | 3D nanofiber scaffold/Collagen | + | + | + | NA | NA |
| Tysseling VM, et al., 2010 [102] |
Thoracic | Rat | Injected | Peptide amphiphile (PA) molecules that self-assemble and display the laminin epitope IKVAV | NA | + | + | NA | + |
| Liu Y, et al., 2013 [103] |
Thoracic | Rat | Injected | A self-assembling peptide/ K2(QL)6K2 (QL6) |
+ | + | + | NA | + |
Note: -, no difference with the control group; +, effective; NA, not available.