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. 2023 Jan 21;24(3):2141. doi: 10.3390/ijms24032141

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Several signaling pathways related to appressorium formation in Magnaporthe oryzae. The sensor proteins Msb2 and Sho1 activate the Pmk1 MAPK pathway; Whi2 interacts with Psr1, participating in the regulation of the cAMP levels and the Tor signaling pathway; Som1 functions downstream of the cAMP-PKA pathway, which may regulate the Pmk1 MAPK pathway through Som1. Rgs1 regulates G-protein signaling; the normal process of G-protein MoMagA-cAMP signaling depends on a condition of steadiness among Rgs1, Ckb2, and Emc2; Opy2 participates in the Mps1 MAPK pathway by interacting with Mst50; Ral2 interacts with Smo1, Scd1, and Mst50 to regulate the activation of the Mst11-Mst7-Pmk1 MAPK pathway by Ras2; Pmk1 pathway activation involves Mgb1, Ras2, and Cdc42; Mst50 activates Pmk1 through its interaction with Smo1, Cdc42, Scd1, Ral2; Pmk1 also requires the Mst7 and Mst11, which both bind to Mst50; Mka1, which interacts with Mst50, functions upstream of the MAPK pathway; Pal1 interacts with Sla1 and functions upstream of both cAMP and Pmk1–MAPK signaling pathways; Whi2 interacts with Psr1, participating the regulation of appressoria formation through the regulation of the cAMP levels and the target of rapamycin (Tor) signaling pathway; Ubp3 regulates GTPase-activating protein Smo1.