Table 1.
Antibacterial effects of curcumin (CUR) and xanthohumol (XN), as observed in the mean number of viable bacteria counts [colony forming units per mL (CFUs) mL−1, determined by qPCR], evaluated in an in vitro multi-species dynamic biofilm model. Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD). Differences are considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.
| Bacterial Species | Treatments | Mean (SD) | Global p | % Reduction of Viable Counts, as Compared with PBS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| S. oralis | PBS | 7.00 × 105 (4.00 × 105) | <0.000 | Reference |
| XN | 1.77 × 104 (1.71 × 104) | 97.47 | ||
| CUR | 7.74 × 103 (6.10 × 105) | 98.89 | ||
| DMSO | 8.54 × 105 (1.23 × 107) | NA | ||
| CHX | 1.36 × 104 (1.39 × 104) | 98.05 | ||
| A. naeslundii | PBS | 1.56 × 107 (1.52 × 107) | 0.000 | Reference |
| XN | 5.25 × 105 (4.34 × 105) | 96.64 | ||
| CUR | 3.28 × 105 (6.90 × 105) | 97.90 | ||
| DMSO | 1.08 × 107 (9.65 × 106) | 30.67 | ||
| CHX | 9.36 × 105 (9.67 × 105) | 94.01 | ||
| V. parvula | PBS | 8.81 × 107 (6.99 × 107) | <0.000 | Reference |
| XN | 1.31 × 106 (1.25 × 106) | 98.52 | ||
| CUR | 2.59 × 105 (2.72 × 105) | 99.71 | ||
| DMSO | 6.80 × 107 (5.36 × 107) | 22.74 | ||
| CHX | 2.91 × 106 (6.35 × 106) | 96.70 | ||
| F. nucleatum | PBS | 7.70 × 105 (4.94 × 105) | <0.000 | Reference |
| XN | 3.16 × 104 (4.12 × 104) | 95.90 | ||
| CUR | 5.61 × 104 (1.13 × 105) | 92.71 | ||
| DMSO | 6.58 × 105 (4.03 × 105) | 14.51 | ||
| CHX | 4.57 × 104 (8.37 × 104) | 94.06 | ||
| P. gingivalis | PBS | 1.38 × 106 (5.26 × 105) | <0.000 | Reference |
| XN | 1.11 × 104 (5.80 × 103) | 99.20 | ||
| CUR | 3.87 × 103 (2.47 × 103) | 99.72 | ||
| DMSO | 1.41 × 106 (1.01 × 106) | NA | ||
| CHX | 2.51 × 104 (2.60 × 104) | 98.18 | ||
| A. actinomycetemcomitans | PBS | 4.81 × 105 (4.46 × 105) | 0.001 | Reference |
| XN | 1.62 × 104 (1.34 × 104) | 96.64 | ||
| CUR | 5.82 × 103 (4.33 × 103) | 98.79 | ||
| DMSO | 4.76 × 105 (5.73 × 105) | 1.06 | ||
| CHX | 1.38 × 104 (9.06 × 103) | 97.12 |
PBS: phosphate buffer saline; CUR: 5 mM curcumin; XN: 100 μM xanthohumol; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; CHX: 0.2% chlorhexidine; NA: not applicable.