Table 2.
A list of some common animal thrombosis models.
| Method Employed in the Thrombosis Model | Mechanism of Thrombus Development | Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Porcine | |||
| Balloon angioplasty-induced thrombosis | Endothelial injury | Evaluate angioplasty-induced thrombosis | [78] |
| Angioplasty balloon wrapped with a metallic wire coil | Endothelial injury | Determine the relationship between the degree of vascular injury and restenosis magnitude | [79] |
| Surgical ligation and thrombin administration followed by thrombus release to induce PE | Stasis and promoting a hypercoagulable state | Develop a new venous thromboembolism model for possible use in therapeutic testing | [87] |
| Surgical ligation and thrombin administration | Stasis and promoting a hypercoagulable state | Develop a new model of chronic venous thrombosis | [92] |
| Balloon catheter and thrombin administration | Stasis and promoting a hypercoagulable state | Monitor thrombolytic procedures with magnetic resonance imaging | [91] |
| Pulmonary artery embolization with dextran microspheres and surgical coiling of pulmonary branches | Stenosis | Develop a new model of chronic pulmonary hypertension with thrombosis | [93] |
| High-fat/high-sucrose diet-induced atherosclerosis | Promoting a hypercoagulable state | Develop a model of diabetic atherosclerosis | [97] |
| High-fat/high-cholesterol diet-induced atherosclerosis | Promoting a hypercoagulable state | Develop and characterize a diet-induced atherosclerosis model | [98] |
| Surgical ligation of femoral vein and thrombin administration | Stasis and promoting a hypercoagulable state | Develop a DVT model and assess changes in the femoral vein gene expression | [107] |
| Mechanical arterial injury in combination with stent placement followed by total occlusion | Endothelial injury and stasis | Characterize a stent thrombosis model | [108] |
| Balloon catheter and thrombin infusion | Stasis and promoting a hypercoagulable state | Evaluate a high-intensity ultrasound pulse (histotripsy) as a method of thrombolysis | [109] |
| Ischemia-reperfusion injured tissue model | Promoting a hypercoagulable state | Evaluate the role of fish oil in thrombosis development | [110] |
| Balloon catheter and thrombin infusion | Stasis and promoting a hypercoagulable state | Develop a survivable and reproducible iliocaval DVT model for possible use in therapeutic and imaging modalities’ evaluation | [84] |
| Electrical stimulation of the carotid artery endothelium | Endothelial injury | Compare the effect of cilostazol to ticlopidine in inhibiting occlusive thrombus formation | [81] |
| AV shunt model with nitinol stent exposed to arterial blood under high shear rate | Altering blood flow | Evaluate the effect of aspirin, clopidogrel, and combined therapy in inhibiting stent thrombosis development | [99] |
| AV shunt model | Altering blood flow | Compare the thrombogenicity of nitinol to stainless steel stents | [111] |
| Balloon catheter occlusion | Stasis | Evaluate oral administration of low-molecular-weight heparin with a carrier compound in DVT treatment | [112] |
| Self-expanding stent-graft device | Altering blood flow through stasis | Evaluate a thrombolytic therapy with urokinase | [88] |
| Balloon catheter injury | Endothelial injury | Study the effect of ionizing radiation on thrombosis development | [113] |
| Balloon catheter occlusion | Stasis | Use computed tomography to identify lung perfusion abnormalities | [114] |
| Balloon catheter occlusion and thrombin administration | Stasis and promoting a hypercoagulable state | Evaluate the safety and efficacy of microtripsy thrombolysis treatment | [115] |
| AV shunt model | Altering blood flow | Study the effect of rivaroxaban alone or in combination with dual antiplatelet therapy | [116] |
| Murine models | |||
| Laser-induced thrombosis in mice | Endothelial injury | Evaluation of anti-thrombotic drugs | [58] |
| Serum-induced thrombosis in rats | Promoting a hypercoagulable state | Compare the thrombogenicity of homologous and heterologous serum | [65] |
| Tissue factor-induced thrombosis in rats | Promoting a hypercoagulable state | Compare the anti-thrombotic effect of thrombin inhibitor and factor Xa inhibitor | [67] |
| Vascular ligation in mice | Stasis | Evaluate the influence of aging on thrombus resolution | [73] |
| FeCl3-induced thrombosis in mice | Endothelial injury | Develop a refined ferric chloride-induced thrombosis model and test it against anticoagulants | [63] |
| FeCl3 and laser-induced thrombosis in mice | Endothelial injury | Evaluate the potency and safety of anfibatide as an antithrombotic agent | [117] |
| Hypoxia-induced thrombosis in mice | Promoting a hypercoagulable state | Develop and study the mechanism of hypoxia-induced thrombosis | [118] |
| Thrombin-induced thrombosis in rats | Promoting a hypercoagulable state | Develop and characterize a thrombotic ischemia model that mimics human thromboembolic stroke | [119] |
| FeCl3-induced thrombosis in rats | Endothelial injury | Characterize the thrombus, evaluate a novel antithrombotic agent, and determine the relationship between vessel temperature and vascular occlusion | [62] |
| FeCl3-induced thrombosis in rats | Endothelial injury | Assessment of tiplaxtinin antithrombotic effect | [120] |
| Vascular ligation in rats | Stasis | Study the antithrombotic effect of grape seed proanthocyanidins extract | [121] |
| Zebrafish | |||
| PHZ-induced thrombosis | Endothelial injury and promoting a hypercoagulable state | Assessment of antithrombotic drugs | [102] |
| PHZ-induced thrombosis | Endothelial injury and promoting a hypercoagulable state | Evaluate the antithrombotic effect of Rubia cordifolia | [122] |
| FeCl3 or laser irradiation-induced thrombosis | Vascular injury | Genetic screening | [103] |
| Arachidonic acid-induced thrombosis | Promoting platelet aggregation | Evaluate the antithrombotic effect of danhong injection | [123] |
| Arachidonic acid-induced thrombosis | Promoting platelet aggregation | Evaluate the antithrombotic effect of Wuliangye Baijiu | [124] |
| Apoc2 mutant zebrafish | Promoting a hypercoagulable state | Characterization of apoc2 mutant zebrafish | [105] |
| Heg1 knockout zebrafish | Damaging the vascular endothelium integrity | Develop a zebrafish model of dilated cardiomyopathy and thrombosis and employ it in drug screening | [125] |
| High cholesterol and lipopolysaccharide diet | Promoting a hypercoagulable state | Drug screening | [104] |