Table 3.
Descriptive statistics and reliability of problematic internet use and psychopathology and personality measures from fifteen countries.
| Germany | Belgium | Spain | Finland | France | Hungary | Italy | Norway | Poland | UK | Switzerland | Canada | US | Indonesia | Peru | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CIUS-5 Original M (SD), α, Fr | 5.37(3.73) 0.77, 2.1 | 7.00(4.14) 0.74, 5.4 | 4.14(3.54) 0.71, 2.1 | 4.98(3.62) 0.75, 1.1 | 6.71(4.20) 0.72, 5.4 | 5.67(3.99) 0.77, 3.2 | 4.62(3.34) 0.66, 0.7 | 5.74(3.42) 0.71, 2.3 | 5.74(3.51) 0.71, 1.6 | 6.49(4.97) 0.84, 10.1 | 6.82(4.13) 0.69, 6.9 | 5.38(3.98) 0.78, 2.9 | 8.01(4.67) 0.78, 10.4 | 7.66(4.15) 0.73, 7.6 | 8.04(4.05) 0.65, 6.3 |
| CIUS-5 Gaming M (SD), α, Fr | 1.91(3.41) 0.77, 0.8 | 2.09(3.61) 0.74, 0.9 | 0.63(1.61) 0.71, 0 | 2.29(3.68) 0.75, 1.6 | 2.22(3.77) 0.72, 1.0 | 2.02(3.72) 0.76, 1.3 | 1.55(3.01) 0.66, 0.7 | 1.30(2.74) 0.71, 0 | 1.13(2.68) 0.71, 0.4 | 2.83(4.38) 0.84, 1.4 | 2.48(4.08) 0.69, 1.1 | 1.15(2.74) 0.77, 0.5 | 3.81(4.81) 0.78, 4.0 | 4.59(4.96) 0.73, 4.7 | 2.05(3.58) 0.64, 1.0 |
| CIUS-5 Gambling M (SD), α, Fr | 0.06(0.44) 0.86, 0 | .09(.64) 0.84, 0 |
0.17(0.78) 0.63, 0 | 0.27(1.08) 0.87, 0 | 0.14(0.98) 0.84, 0 |
0.29(1.31) 0.88, 0 | 0.28(1.05) 0.83, 0 | 0.07(0.34) 0.86, 0 | 0.17(0.79) 0.87, 0 |
0.55(1.87) 0.90, 0 | 0.38(1.68) 0.89, 0 | .10(.57) 0.86, 0 | 0.93(2.42) 0.89, 0 | 1.05(2.69) 0.87, 0.4 | 0.81(2.41) 0.83, 1.0 |
|
CIUS-5 Social networking M (SD), α, Fr |
3.60(3.66) 0.80, 1.0 | 6.02(4.67) 0.81, 5.6 | 5.05(4.09) 0.77, 2.8 | 3.31(3.38) 0.79, 0 | 4.57(4.60) 0.82, 3.8 | 4.50(4.07) 0.80, 2.2 | 4.50(3.88) 0.75, 2.2 | 5.12(3.75) 0.77, 0 | 4.74(3.89) 0.77, 0.4 | 6.42(4.59) 0.82, 7.2 | 4.21(4.45) 0.83, 3.4 | 5.32(3.99) 0.77, 1.5 | 7.98(4.85) 0.79, 11.0 | 8.26(4.60) 0.76, 10.8 | 7.99(4.48) 0.75, 9.4 |
|
CIUS-5 Sex M (SD), α, Fr |
0.45(1.57) 0.76, 0 | .46(1.60) 0.75, 0 | 0.35(1.54) 0.78, 0 | 0.44(1.39) 0.69, 0 | 0.57(1.79) 0.71, 0.3 | 0.46(1.67) 0.82, 0.3 | 0.39(1.29) 0.70, 0 | 0.46(1.44) 0.80, 0 | 0.30(1.28) 0.78, 0 | 0.62(2.01) 0.77, 0 | 1.06(2.77) 0.86, 1.1 | 0.31(1.34) 0.82, 0 | 1.36(3.08) 0.85, 1.1 | 0.93(2.38) 0.79, 0.1 | 0.67(1.61) 0.62, 0 |
| CIUS-5 Shopping M (SD), α, Fr | 1.68(2.17) 0.68, 0.3 | 1.40(2.31) 0.70, 0.2 | 0.91(1.81) 0.67, 0 | 0.90(1.73) 0.68, 0 | 2.13(2.75) 0.69, 0 | 0.87(1.92) 0.72, 0 | 1.36(2.05) 0.63, 0 | 1.51(2.21) 0.69, 0 | 1.41(1.97) 0.64, 0 | 3.26(3.77) 0.82, 1.4 | 1.75(3.05) 0.78, 1.1 | 1.83(2.82) 0.78, 0 | 4.84(4.24) 0.80, 3.1 | 3.06(3.87) 0.84, 1.8 | 0.95(2.02) 0.72, 0 |
| DASS-21 Stress M (SD), α | 4.84(3.66) 0.83 | 6.43(4.56) 0.85 | 6.25(4.74) 0.86 | 4.92(3.68) 0.83 | 6.57(4.95) 0.84 | 5.91(4.20) 0.85 | 6.47(4.54) 0.86 | 4.68(4.14) 0.85 | 5.79(4.25) 0.84 | 5.17(4.71) 0.89 | 5.61(4.70) 0.85 | 5.08(4.50) 0.99 | 5.29(4.45) 0.85 | 5.90(4.13) 0.85 | 7.42(4.32) 0.85 |
| DASS-21 Anxiety M (SD), α | 2.47(2.78) 0.74 | 4.08(3.88) 0.79 | 3.44(3.92) 0.85 | 2.93(3.11) 0.78 | 4.12(4.11) 0.79 | 3.34(3.35) 0.80 | 4.64(3.96) 0.80 | 2.23(2.71) 0.70 | 3.25(3.68) 0.82 | 3.34(3.82) 0.83 | 3.29(3.84) 0.78 | 2.85(3.86) 0.99 | 4.15(4.20) 0.83 | 6.03(4.09) 0.82 | 4.78(4.25) 0.81 |
|
DASS-21 Depression M (SD), α |
3.73(3.93) 0.90 | 4.29(4.41) 0.88 | 4.08(5.13) 0.94 | 4.24(4.23) 0.90 | 4.95(5.32) 0.91 | 4.98(4.47) 0.90 | 5.05(4.57) 0.89 | 3.95(4.26) 0.88 | 4.47(4.48) 0.89 | 4.02(4.65) 0.92 | 3.99(5.12) 0.93 | 2.86(4.01) 0.99 | 3.93(4.57) 0.90 | 4.72(4.29) 0.88 | 6.19(5.41) 0.91 |
| S-UPPS-P Negative urgency M (SD), α | 8.56(2.39) 0.76 | 8.87(2.67) 0.84 | 9.23(2.87) 0.84 | 8.90(2.79) 0.83 | 8.96(2.80) 0.82 | 8.95(2.92) 0.83 | 10.06(2.87) 0.85 | 7.71(2.78) 0.88 | 9.29(2.99) 0.80 | 9.78(2.75) 0.85 | 8.64(2.71) 0.85 | 7.75(2.65) 0.86 | 9.87(3.03) 0.83 | 10.14(2.67) 0.80 | 9.50(2.35) 0.70 |
| S-UPPS-P Positive urgency M (SD), α | 9.22(2.20) 0.69 | 10.39(2.50) 0.77 | 9.22(2.37) 0.69 | 9.26(2.34) 0.72 | 10.65(2.57) 0.76 | 9.82(2.63) 0.74 | 8.79(2.74) 0.86 | 8.67(2.30) 0.65 | 10.23(2.61) 0.67 | 9.97(2.33) 0.76 | 9.76(2.52) 0.77 | 9.56(2.64) 0.80 | 10.67(2.52) 0.72 | 11.14(2.27) 0.73 | 9.82(2.30) 0.59 |
| S-UPPS-P Lack of premeditation M (SD), α | 6.88(2.12) 0.81 | 7.27(2.27) 0.85 | 7.07(2.19) 0.72 | 7.74(2.14) 0.71 | 7.15(2.19) 0.80 | 6.83(2.19) 0.82 | 6.51(2.12) 0.80 | 6.83(2.40) 0.81 | 6.37(2.20) 0.82 | 7.00(2.19) 0.78 | 6.37(2.24) 0.84 | 5.97(2.31) 0.67 | 7.08(2.40) 0.79 | 7.38(1.96) 0.75 | 7.25(2.38) 0.83 |
|
S-UPPS-P Lack of perseverance M (SD), α |
6.65(2.26) 0.86 | 7.07(2.43) 0.90 | 6.49(2.43) 0.86 | 6.83(2.14) 0.81 | 7.05(2.59) 0.89 | 7.00(2.18) 0.70 | 6.54(2.05) 0.84 | 6.48(2.20) 0.85 | 10.60(3.06) 0.80 | 10.64(2.28) 0.82 | 9.84(2.81) 0.86 | 9.66(2.97) 0.91 | 11.96(2.55) 0.80 | 11.47(2.26) 0.71 | 10.90(3.03) 0.76 |
| S-UPPS-P Sensation seeking M (SD), α | 9.00(2.64) 0.83 | 9.55(2.77) 0.85 | 8.83(2.60) 0.79 | 9.65(2.45) 0.75 | 9.95(2.95) 0.87 | 10.00(2.88) 0.81 | 9.28(2.85) 0.84 | 9.83(2.95) 0.85 | 7.32(2.42) 0.82 | 7.27(2.16) 0.78 | 6.65(2.23) 0.84 | 6.02(2.15) 0.89 | 7.24(2.46) 0.79 | 7.21(1.95) 0.75 | 6.95(2.15) 0.83 |
M = mean; SD = standard deviation; α = Cronbach’s alpha; Fr = frequency rate.