Table 2.

Main studies evaluating an approach based on volume status for the management of patients with both acute heart failure and chronic heart failure.

Acute Heart Failure	Main Findings	Chronic Heart Failure	Main Findings
Leahova-Cerchez et al. [21]	Integrated approach based on clinical (JVD, HJR), biological and echocardiographic (IVC) signs of congestion may guide diuretic therapy, reducing the risk of renal failure in patients >75 years old with acute decompensated HF	Khandwalla et al. [24]	Increasing IVC diameter, as demonstrated by ultrasound, is associated with increased risk for HF hospitalization and may be useful to manage patients.
Kobayashi et al. [22]	The estimated PV status at discharge, on top of classical prognostic markers, may improve risk stratification for the composite outcome of rehospitalization due to worsening HF and all-cause mortality in patients admitted due to acute decompensated HF	Miller et al. [25]	Patients with hypervolemia show high filling pressure, but patients with euvolemia may also show high filling pressure. This is mainly determined by the severity of myocardial dysfunction. Integrated approach based on myocardial function, cardiac filling pressure and intravascular volume evaluation is needed for optimal HF management
Van Aelst et al. [23]	In patients with AHF, higher E/e’, larger left and right atria, higher IVC diameter with lower variability and higher pulmonary artery systolic pressure compared with non-cardiac dyspnea have been demonstrated. The biomarkers sCD146 and MR-proANP, but not BNP, were associated with echocardiographic parameters suggestive of venous congestion. The venous congestion state in acute settings is similar between HFrEF and HFpEF, despite HFrEF patients showing higher BNP values	Ling et al. [26]	Relative PV status calculation defines how patients with CHF deviate from their ideal volume status, and it is independently associated with outcomes

JVD: jugular venous distension; HJR: hepatojugular reflux; IVC: inferior vena cava; HF: heart failure; PV: plasma volume; AHF: acute heart failure; MR-proANP: midregional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; CHF: chronic heart failure.