Figure 1.

Alpha diversities of the microbiome in the ileum and feces were compared between naïve mice (white) and mice injected with complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) (black). The richness (number of genera), evenness, and combination of both were determined by the Faith’s phylogenetic diversity index (A,B), Pielou’s evenness index (C,D), and Shannon index (E,F), respectively. In feces, the Pielou’s evenness and Shannon indexes decreased significantly in the CFA-injected group (**, p < 0.01, Student’s t test). In the ileum, the Pielou’s evenness index decreased significantly in the CFA-injected group (*, p < 0.05, Student’s t test). In boxplots: the open circle, middle line, box, lower whiskers, upper whiskers, and dots indicate the mean, median, interquartile range, minimum, maximum and outliers, respectively. The total sample number was eight per group (naïve, n = 8; and CFA, n = 8).