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Models of ATM and DNA-PKcs activation during HIV-1 PIR. (A) The parallel activation model suggests that activation of either of the two kinases at the site of integration can lead to PIR activation and successful completion of this process. (B) The sequential activation model suggests that activation of both kinases is required for successful PIR to occur. For both models, activation of ATM and DNA-PKcs depends on the formation of the IN-Ku70 complex.
