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. 2023 Feb 3;24(3):2991. doi: 10.3390/ijms24032991

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Changes in multispecies biofilm 3D structure caused by L. plantarum 14917. Biofilms were formed by C. albicans and S. mutans only (control) and treated with L. plantarum 14917 in 1% sucrose condition and visualized via two-photon laser confocal microscope at 72 h. Amira software was used to reconstruct the images as 3D structures, to visualize bacterial channels (green), EPS channels (red), and the bacteria/EPS overlay. (A) Biofilm structure. The layer distribution of the biofilms indicating that the biofilms grown in the control group were much thicker than those of the treatment group. (B) Biomass formed by bacteria. (C) Biomass formed by EPSs. (D) Bacteria co-localized by EPSs. Biofilm parameters were calculated using data from three biofilms formed by C. albicans and S. mutans isolated from three ECC children. For each biofilm, 10 randomly selected points of biofilms were visualized.